Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre Essay Example

Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre Essay Both The Red Room by H G Wells and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, were written in the nineteenth century. The main focus in the short story by H G Wells is the red room, while the red room in Jane Eyre is part of a novel. Charlotte Brontes story is about an orphaned ten-year-old child called Jane Eyre, who is living with her Aunt Reed at Gateshead Hall. She is excluded from the family in the household and it becomes obvious to the reader that they dont approve of her or like her at all. Jane herself is aware of this, as she says I was a discord in Gateshead Hall. She has a very bad relationship with the family; especially Master John, who bullies her in the opening chapter of the book. Jane is an outcast to every privilege in the house, and her Aunt is very cold and aloof towards her. When Master John provokes her and throws a book at her in the first chapter, she retaliates and is forced into the Red Room, by her Aunt, who immediately defends her son. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Red Room by H G Wells, is a short story about a nameless visitor to Lorraine Castle. The person, who is assumed to be a man, is volunteering to enter The Red Room for the night, in order to prove or disprove the existence of a ghost or supernatural force in the room. This is different to Jane, who is forced to enter the room. He talks to three elderly people before entering the room, and they explain to him the mystery of the room, helping to create tension between them. They obviously fear the room, and they explain to the man many times that he is entering the room at his own choosing. Both stories are written in the first person narrative, which allows the characters to describe their feelings in detail; especially when inside the Red Room. Jane Eyre is also an eponymous story. The reader is given a brief description of Janes life, and we find that she is a ten-year-old orphaned child living with her Aunt. The opening chapter describes the way Jane is lost in her own little world, looking at pictures and reading books, which portrays her as an imaginative child, full of happiness. Janes intelligence is also underlined here and her capacity for reasoning analysis in her account of Cousin John is noticed. But another side of her personality is shown as well, when she looses her temper with Master John, and calls him a Wicked and cruel boy! She has obviously had enough of being bullied by the family, and her feelings towards them are underlined here. She says that other feelings were succeeding her, which again shows us that she felt hatred towards the family and the surroundings. The man in the Red Room on the other hand is a mystery to the reader, as no information at all is given about him. This is different to Jane Eyre, where we get to know the character well. He is portrayed as a very calm but somewhat impertinent character, as he tells the elderly people at the start that it would take a very tangible ghost to frighten him. This is a very pompous tone, which immediately gives the reader the impression that he is very confident in his actions. He is reminded several times by the man with the withered arm that it is his own choosing, to enter the room, but he is still very confident, which contrasts against Janes reaction to entering the room. There is no mystery surrounding the characters in the opening chapters of Jane Eyre, as they are all relatives or familiar to Jane. I feel that this helps to familiarise the characters to the reader and underlines Janes troubled background. Master John is portrayed as a frightful young boy, and Jane says that there were moments when I was bewildered by the terror he inspired. Bessie and Miss Abbot are also described as being very stern with Jane, which again underlines the unfairness shown towards Jane. The other characters in The Red Room are portrayed as being very old, as they are described according to their appearance, for instance, the man with a withered arm and the man with a shade. They are also portrayed as being both wise and perceptive, as shown in the phrase Many things to see, when ones still but eight-and-twenty. A sense of unfamiliarity is conveyed by the mystery of the characters in the Red Room, which is a contrast to the sense of accustomed behaviour between the family in Jane Eyre. The opening atmosphere in Jane Eyre is described as being very dark, as it is raining with clouds so sombre. This immediately, portrays the large house as being gloomy and the weather is used by Charlotte Bronte, to reflect Janes feelings at the time. Lorraine Castle in the Red Room is also a very big and old place, showing similarities to Gateshead Hall. The man with the withered arm describes the spiral staircase and the long passage in the castle, which gives the reader an image of an old, neglected building. This is different to Gateshead Hall in Jane Eyre, which is described as being quite warm and comfortable. When Jane is taken to the Red Room it says that she resisted all the way, which shows the reader that she hated the room and was terrified of it. She is being taken to the room against her own will and she says that a moments mutiny is the reason for this, which implies that she feels the family is against her. She also refers to herself as a rebel slave, which again shows that she is a captive, not a volunteer to the Red Room. During the build up to the room, the author tries to make the reader feel pity for Jane. Bronte creates pathos towards Jane in a number of different ways. Her use of adjectives such as wicked and rebel slave help to create this sense of pathos. The servants attitude towards her is also used to reinforce this as they call her a wicked child. This is very extreme and emotive language, considering that Jane is only a ten-year-old child. Details of Janes background are also used to create pathos, as we are told how her Uncle had died in the room. The build up to the room in H G Wells short story is also used to create tension. Descriptions like chilly, dusty and shadows convey the darkness in the castle, while the mans loss of confidence as he stopped for a moment, helps to give the castle a mysterious aura. Jane is beside herself going into the room but the man in The Red Room is sceptical, but is willing to enter the room. The author also makes no attempt in making the reader feel sorry for the man in The Red Room, while every effort is made for the reader is made to feel sorry for Jane. There is a very detailed description of the Red Room in Jane Eyre. A sense of imprisonment is created when they lock the door, which immediately has an effect on Jane. An image of a prison cell is again created when the room is called a spare chamber. The feeling of neglect is also conveyed as she describes the room as very seldom slept in. Red is emphasised by the author in the description, also the repetitive use of red in the deep red curtains, red carpet and the crimson cloth also links to the red described in the room. I think that the colour Red is emphasised by the author, for many different reasons. Red is a very deep and rich colour, which immediately conveys the dark, mysterious surroundings within the room. Red is also associated with blood, which holds a strong religious connection, and could also be linked to the death of her Uncle. Large and dark furniture are brought to our attention by the author; with massive pillars of mahogany and chairs of darkly polished The word white is juxtaposed against the darkness in the room, while there is a certain element of irony in the fireplace, as it again contrasts with the gloomy and cold atmosphere in the room. Death is also represented in the room with the reference to the undertakers men being a link to the death of her Uncle. There is a religious connection as she says that there is a sense of dreary consecration. When land is consecrated, it is made holy; therefore the death of her Uncle is emphasised by this connection. The Red Room in Wells story is also conveyed as being very dark and gloomy. It is described as being a large and sombre room, with shadowy window bays. These descriptions are similar to the Red Room in Jane Eyre, as it, was also very large and gloomy. H G Wells use of metaphors help to convey the darkness in the room, for example, My candle was a little tongue of light in its vastness which tries to convey the room swallowing the light, and an ocean of mystery which describes the vastness of the mystery surrounding the room. Both Jane and the man, start to lose confidence as they spend more time imprisoned in the room. Even Janes own reflection is starting to scare her. It reminds her of Bessies old stories and she feels that Superstition was with her. There are two big mirrors in The Red Room also, which underlines similarities in both rooms. As Jane is left alone, she thinks about how she was treated, and she is distressed to realise that she is a total outcast. As time goes on in the room, she recalls that she is in the same room that her Uncle Reed had died and gets very distraught. This causes her to fear his ghost and this again conveys her powerful sense of imagination. The man also becomes very distraught as time goes by. In a similar way to Jane Eyre, a young Duke had also died in the Red Room in Lorraine Castle, but the man tries not to think about this, unlike Jane. Instead the man occupies himself by talking and lighting candles. When the flames start to disappear, the mans imagination gets the better of him, and like Jane he starts to panic. The concentration of verbs are very intense while the man panics as the author uses verbs like stumbled, fell, snatched, swung and thrust, to emphasise the excitement in the room. Jane has a species of fit towards the end, which is very similar to the man who gets knocked unconscious after falling and striking his head. The rooms drive both to panic as their imaginations get the better of them. The man explains to the old people at the end that it is fear that haunts the room. This means that the room causes the imagination to get the better of you; this is also true in the red room in Jane Eyre. I consider fear, to be an important theme in both stories. Both Jane Eyre and the man are driven to insanity by the constant sense of fear in the rooms. Both authors emphasise the fact that apprehension and dismay alone, causes fear in the rooms. H G Wells chose the title The Red Room for his short story because the room is the main focus of the story. The story is based on the red room and its mystery, which is finally explained by a mysterious young man who witnessed the fear inside the room. The Red Room is also chosen as a title, because of the symbolic meanings of the colour. Red is symbolic of blood, which contains a religious connection. This can be associated with death or supernatural forces which immediately reflects the feeling of fear inside the room.

Surviving the elements Essay Example

Surviving the elements Essay Example Surviving the elements Essay Surviving the elements Essay White-hot sun searing innocent flesh, furious blizzards freezing the earth over, intense storms and hammering rain making us shiver. The restless wailing winds blowing against our weary faces. Spine chilling darkness scratching at our subconscious minds reminding us the unknown is alive and on the hunt, natural elements of our planet have set humans out to find safe havens since the dawn of time. We need shelters to survive. Humans are a fragile race; and a shelter is our only protection against the cruel environment. In the fictional novel, Lord of the Flies, Ritter by William Gilding shows Just how important shelters and homes are to our survival. He also shows that not only is our world cruel but also those who inhabit it. Inside us all there is a beast put down to slumber by the mere idea of civilization. We all have the logic in us to do whatever we have to, in order to survive. We know the importance of survival; it is our most primal instinct. But to live in, and build a community where civilization is intact there has to be equality, or else it will come to a devastating end. When building a shelter people have to keep in mind all of these tactics in order to have a successful team. Everything and everyone on this planet has fears. It can be something as small as spiders, or something our imaginations conjure up, but then there is something bigger that we all dread. Some of us do not even admit it is there. Most will simply say it is a divine power that we are right to fear. Someday we shall find ourselves looking into a vast mouth scared out of our wits, we will see blackness within, a blackness that spreads(Gilding 144). We will witness the horrid dark. This blackness is the night of the human soul, an unnatural, dark night. It engulfs us and figuratively follows us everywhere we go. Sometimes, it is like Mimi catch yourself feeling as if, there is something behind you all the time (Gilding 53). But it is truly inside, not behind. Even if you are within the protection of your home. It is Just an uneasy feeling that we all have experienced, the feeling of being watched And hunted. Frequently for us the houses we build block out a great amount of our fear. We need protection from the outside world, each other, and ourselves. People know of course that we cannot escape the evil within us, yet we try. Sometimes we can elude this evil; though once we realize what we really are we weep, for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart(Gilding). We are the biggest threats in the world, and a shelter, a place where we are surrounded by walls somehow contains our humanity. Our mindset is, if we have something containing and protecting us from what is outside, than we are also protected from what is inside. Though deep in our minds we know that is not the case. If we are put out into the world unprotected we snap. This is why when stranded on an island humans will loose all self control. In a way Shelters contain civilization. But why, if we have this physical form of comfort, are we still afraid; is it Just the fact of knowing what we are capable of, knowing what and who we truly are? Our natural instinct to survive has evolved miraculously over the centuries. If it meaner surviving we are willing to crouch down in a thicket for hours, with a spear ready to Jab any wreath(Gilding 191). We will find a way to survive, though without the protection of our homes we are vulnerable, timid creatures. There are few things that are as outside world, it protects our minds from going utterly insane at the thought of our evil twins coming out to cause destruction. If lost one goal comes to our minds an acute need to get home, to get out, there comes an incredible ability to adapt and preserve. Our nature demands it(Petersen). If we are placed in a life threatening situation we know to Stay alive, thats what its all about(Petersen). Most people would do anything to keep breathing, saw off an arm to escape Revert to cannibalism to fend off starvation Kill to stay alive. We become so extremely vulnerable, we will do absolutely anything to stay alive. Longing for our homes while we are away, people tend to tie themselves to their material items and places of protection. While homesick one might dream of rescue; but when faced by the brute obtuseness of the ocean, one was clamped down, one was helpless, one is condemned(Soldiering). We have created such a civilization where our homes are seed purely for our protection and minds comfort. When away we go a little bit batty. Because we cannot protect ourselves, from ourselves though we try to; and we cannot even to begin to protect without our material comforts. We tell ourselves that we are good-natured human beings and we are civilized, but deep inside us we all know that our instinct to survive is stronger than any other force. All we have to keep our way of life safe and stable is our humanity, and sometimes in the midst of struggles our learned civilized behavior slips away. Because of the primal instinct we eve to solely survive. We have been imprinted with one statement. Do whatever you have to, in order to survive. Our entire planets history shows that without equality our communities will fail. From the very beginning people will turn on those who are weaker than them, calling them mean names and bark shut up fatty'(Gilding). In order to shut the person down when people are Judged and are considered unequal it sparks something inside of us. Our primal instincts come out and fight back to become equal. After all we are the same. Why should some of us be considered less Han others? The most important aspect of civilization is having equality. Not meaning that we all would have to be good at the same things, but all Jobs in a community should be considered equally important. Once we put effort into equalizing people and their positions, our communities thrive. It is impossible to be at the head of the table when you are sitting in a circle(Hunt). Surviving by your self is a challenge but with the help of a community it becomes quite simple. Everyone has to feel welcome, comfortable being themselves, and equal. With this our civilized action is born. We have prevailed through the intense heat of the sun, we have made sturdy walls to sway the wind away from our chilled bodies, and we have put roofs over our heads to protect us from the horrific thunderstorms and pounding rains. We have hidden our fears deep within the labyrinth of our minds, to amplify the comfort that our shelter provides. Our society has adapted and adjusted itself for centuries, so that we can better enjoy our time on this planet. As a people we have invented a nation where we all feel connected and equalized by something bigger than us all. But we do not realize this thing that connects us, this invisible powerful force is the beast inside us. It truly does terrify us but it is one thing that we all have in common. Take away our man made shelters and you take away our humanity, our civilized nature. Without this little protection, our imaginations run wild with fear. We become them tranquil thoughts. From that point on what has been put to sleep awakens. From that point on we will do what we have to in order to survive. Shelter is essential to our survival, without it we are animals. Shelter tames the beast within.

The Characteristics of an Amateur Dectective Essays

The Characteristics of an Amateur Dectective Essays The Characteristics of an Amateur Dectective Essay The Characteristics of an Amateur Dectective Essay The Characteristics of a Armature Detective Why are we so fascinated with detective fiction? Is it because we are simply interested in the crimes themselves? Or is it because we are drawn to the characters within the stories that have characteristics that we desperately wish we could portray ourselves. The armature detective is one that we follow more often and have characteristics that pull us in more. As said in The Longing Anthology of Detective Fiction they may be armatures, but they triumph over the professionals and discover the criminal. They pursue the truth with courage and tenacity, often at the risk of their own lives. In these detectives can be found the best of human qualities: a genuine concern for other and that Justice must prevail. (Mansfield-Kelly. 26). The armature detective is the underdog that we all root for. There are two different types of armature detectives; the armature-armature and the professional armature. The armature-armature detective described in The Longing Anthology of Detective Fiction as the elegant aristocrat who pursues crime for a hobby. (Mansfield-Kelly. ) the professional detective is described as doctors and lawyer and other career professions that allow the detective to fall into the crime but their profession allows them to have an upper hand on the law enforcement and solve the crime. Detective Lord Peter Whimsy and Deborah Knott are two completely different amateur detectives. Lord Peter Whimsy is more an amateur-amateur detective considering the fact that his career has nothi ng to do with criminal Justice and in the story the hunted police man, it was only by coincidence that he fell upon the mystery. On the other hand you have Deborah Knott who is a lawyer and solves crimes for a living. What brings these two different detectives together is that they both share a characteristic of an amateur detective. They often blunder into situations that are unforeseen or unexpected. (Mansfield-Kelly, 26). Though Deborah Knott is a lawyer and deals with murder and crime on a daily basis, the crime she fell upon one Sunday afternoon was much unexpected. In Margaret Morons Deborah Judgment Deborah Knott is going over to a family members house for dinner after church one Sunday when she shocked to find her uncle laying shot on the floor and her aunt dead outside. In Dorothy L. Assayers the haunted police man lord Peter Whimsy, who has Just witnessed the birth of his first child, is having a drink at a bar when walks in a policeman who appears to be shaken up. The men share a few drinks and the police men begins to tell Lord Peter Whimsy about a so called murder he Just witnessed. Though the two are very different kinds of amateur detectives they still share some similar characteristic. Another similarity that these two share can also show how they differentiate from one another. They are often eccentric, but each possesses his or her own particular type of intelligence. (Mansfield-Kelly. 26). The two detective are both very intelligent but each detective has a different kind of intelligence. In the story the Haunted Policeman lord Peter Whimsy solves the case just by simply listening to the drunken officer tell his story. And also with his backgroun d. Being an aristocrat Whimsy enjoys obtaining knowledge and looking at Deborah Knott takes a different approach. Deborah Knott I a very intelligent women and a very successful lawyer. Though she does look at the facts of her case she tends to be more street smart than book smart. Instead of finder her answers in a book she does some digging and isnt afraid to get her hands dirty when getting to the bottom of a case. Not only are these two detectives different but their differences are what make them similar. A similarity that they both share is their interest in the crime. Their interest in the crime is generated because of a friend, a relative, someone associated with the crime, or because or sheer curiosity or the need for intellectual stimulation. (Mansfield-Kelly. 26). They both fall into this characteristic. Deborah Knots interest in the crime was driving by the fact that it was her family that was involved in the murder. While Lord Peter Whimsy fell into the case by pure coincidence and the need for amusement. Both Deborah Knott and Lord Peter Whimsy are brilliant armature detectives. Even though one is an armature-armature and the other is a professional de tective they both share qualities that bring them OTOH into the same category.

Denny S Promotional Strategy Essays

Denny S Promotional Strategy Essays Denny S Promotional Strategy Essay Denny S Promotional Strategy Essay Dynes Promotional Strategy Dynes Restaurant is a run-of-the-mill diner chain that serves to a loyal following of families and other customers. One of the things that make Dynes such a formidable company is its desire and execution to promote its product. Through advertising, sales promotions, and public relations, Denny can compete with other top diner chains in the world. Dynes uses advertising to promote their product. If one has a television at home, they could simply turn it on and see these adds that are constantly on. One of the adds promotes the new 52 54 $6 $8 value menu. This value menu as been a hit for Denny and one of the reasons why is because customers come to the restaurant ready to buy off of it because the advertising it receives. Dynes also has adds in local newspapers and on the radio as well. They really do a nice job of letting the customer know that they are still in fact relevant. Another promotional mix that Dynes restaurant uses is its sales promotion. The restaurant does a fine job of attracting customers through coupons and other sales promotions. Some of those other sales promotions happen locally and in the summer. If you attend a Pirate game, you can chive a free grand slam if one the Pirates players hit a home run in an assigned inning. This is good for Denny because during the game, they always get their name put out there. If a player hits a home run, the only lost item is a few free grand slam coupons. All in all this is a good promotional strategy because all of those people at the games get to hear the Dynes restaurant name. The advertisement is genius. Of coarse Denny also have coupons in newspapers and other outlets for their customers to indulge in. A third promotional mix that Dynes uses to attract customers is its public elation. Dynes often uses press releases when they come out with new products to keep their customers informed. They really do not utilize the advantages of using famous figures to sell their product but it seems as though they really dont have to. Dynes uses plenty of advertisements to attract customers. Its number one will always be the grand slam. The grand slam is the All-American breakfast that you can buy at Dynes because youre an All-American person. It is the perfect advertisement for the restaurant because it is simple, easy, and isnt take much work to as both a dish and an advertisement. The grand slam has been around since Denny has been around and will always be around. McDonalds has the big Mac and Burger King has the whopper. Dynes has the grand slam. Dynes promotional strategy is both similar and different to its competitors. It is the same in that Dynes like a competitor such as Eat both use coupons and commercials to attract customers. Those two companies are different because they both different ways of promoting. For example, Deem/s has its promotions at the Pirate games every night and Eat only has promotions at the ballpark on Saturday night for their scratch off win ticket. Dynes does a nice job of using the five promotional elements but its competitors do as well. Both Dynes and a competitor such as Eat Park utilize their advertising well as they both have running television ads and newspaper ads. They both use personal selling as they both establish relationships with retailers and manage orders and inventory. Both restaurants excel with its public relations. When you think Eat Park, you think of the smiley cookie. When you think Denny, you think of the grand slam. Both items are famous over the country. Both restaurants appeal to the direct market as they both have websites and both have different menu both children and old timers. Dynes Distribution Strategy Dynes Restaurant takes pride in the food that they purchase, prepare, and sell to the general public. One of the things that make Dynes stand Out against its competitors is its ability to do just that. The reason Denny is so good at doing those things is the fact that they have some a strong relationship with their channels of distribution. Dynes food product comes from various farms around the country that are bought by various food suppliers around the country. Dynes then comes in and buys that food for the restaurant. The product is distributed through extensive distribution in that it goes from a farm to a supplier to the actual restaurant. Dynes restaurant mostly sells its product through its restaurant to hungry customers but it is possible IS some places to buy the product through a retailer such as a grocery store. Various Dynes meal can be bought frozen at a grocery store instead of at the restaurant. The types Of retailers that carry Denny product are mostly grocery store but large chain department stores such as Wall-Mart may also carry the product. Dynes Restaurant does an excellent job in getting the products they need to create the products they are selling. That is one of the things that separate them from other restaurants. You will never go to a Denny and get something out of the ordinary that you may not have wanted. Denny may not be the most quality restaurant around, but they are definitely one of the most consistent in their services and product.

Imperialism and civilization in Heart od Darkness Essay

Imperialism and civilization in Heart od Darkness - Essay Example The interplay of themes also allows layers of interpretation for the novella and launches it to different realm and dimensions. Since early 1960’s political reading of the novella has considerably increased and this started with the explicate use of extracts and direct implementations by T.S. Eliot for his famous poem â€Å"The Hollow Men†. T.S. Eliot uses direct phrases from â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, â€Å"Mistah Kurtz, he dead†. This epigraph was originally used in the real manuscript of the poem. The implementation of this phrase in the poem, â€Å"The Hollow Men†, strikes a contrast with the dark horror and a presumed â€Å"light of civilization†. It hinted an ambiguity from both the planes that comprises of dark motives concerned with civilization as well as the freedom from barbarism. Theses two areas of serious delineation are well blended with the â€Å"spiritual darkness† of several characters and their symbolic interpretation which is operating within the novel. â€Å"Heart of Darkness† explores and comments intricately on the ideology of imperialism. Marlow’s reference to the actions of Romans at the very outset of the novel is a comparative analysis of the actions those explore Africa in the novel, more precisely in the Congo River. The political reading of the text launches its readers to a satiric presentation displayed through greed and ignorance of the European continent towards its colonies. Marlow indicates that the efforts of British colonial rule were much superior to any other country of the world. This is displayed more particularly through Belgian’s colonial activities and attitudes. The symbolic interpretation of the characters, setting and images too launches the novel into a different perspective. The interplay of light and dark representing good and evil respectively, operates within human lives since the initiation of life on this earth. Symbolic contrast between the mark of imperialism represented by the Thames River on one

Academic development strategies for undergraduate students Thesis Proposal

Academic development strategies for undergraduate students - Thesis Proposal Example Meanwhile, studies have showed the importance of academic development programmes and activities towards the overall development of students for both academic and non-academic career orientations after graduation (Klassen, Krawchuk & Rajani, 2008). In the light of this, the need to keep researching into ways by which some of the most applicable and effective strategies can be incorporated in single schemes for academic development can be said to be necessary. When mention is made of incorporating strategies and abilities for academic development, there are some common theories, concepts and frameworks that commonly come to mind. These include collaborative learning, constructivism, and connectivism. This is because whether used individually or together, each of these three main concepts help in bringing together different strategies of learning aimed at developing students academically to have abilities necessary for both academic and non-academic careers after graduation (Robinson, L loyd & Rowe, 2008). At the same time Hattie (2009), posited that using academic research is one of the most powerful means by which components of collaborative learning, constructivism, and connectivism can be achieved under a common umbrella. Based on the identified problem and the background given to the problem above, the study will be conducted with the aim of using academic research as an interventional strategy for academic development among undergraduate students. In order to achieve this overall aim, the following specific objectives will be pursued by the researcher: Before pursuing the proposed study, the researcher came to the realisation that there are other existing researches that have focused on academic development strategies for undergraduates. However, most of these existing studies were limited to academic performance enhancement whiles undertaking graduate courses (Hoog, J., Johansson & Olofsson, 2005; Elliot & McGregor, 2001). The weakness with

Early Colonial Constitutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Early Colonial Constitutions - Research Paper Example ystem with several shortcomings became a vital element in the preparation of a new constitution for America and the colonial empire itself; the question is worth a thorough investigation. According to Scott (2011), Colonial governments by the Englishmen were said to have been formed in American colonies; however, they attained full development after they separated. Recently, Americans have started giving the topic a lot of attention just like the English writers gave it earlier on which is still a spectacle for many on why the sudden urge to know more about it. The colonial constitutions were simply early systems of governments formed in colonies. Some like those in Massachusetts from inception were established for the purpose of separating. Others like those in Virginia were meant to maintain the connection between them and their mother country and are still used up to date. The shallow but, still extremely prevalent view would result in the split-up of American colonies. George III, together with his advisers, was responsible for the blunders that resulted to the separation. Wallis (2010) notes that the biggest mistake was the failure to agree on a mutual understanding that was as a result of distance and complications of communication and religious sympathy differences. An example of a wrangle due to miss understanding arose when one among the many protestant parties triumphed in an election. When independence was declared in England, European settlers had stayed in America for approximately 250 years. Though the colonists were under the British crown the colonized colonies worked independently and had a vast experience in self- governance. Many urban towns held meetings and seminars to boost public businesses and some colonies had the program input in their governments’ programs. Later on they started to rebel as they felt that the British were continuously increasingly suppressing their self-governance. Before the 1750s colonists used to pay very few

EO Wilson The process of evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EO Wilson The process of evolution - Essay Example The fall of one set of species, such as dinosaurs later gives a rise to another set of species (Archibald 46). Yes, Wilson’s statement on loss of genetic and species diversity is true. As Wilson states, the actions brought about by human beings throughout the history seem to always result to the extinction of certain species. The whole process of life or existence is necessary for preservation of species (Wilson 121). It is also evident that the diversity of genetics and species is a biological necessity (Roberts 31). Species and genetic diversity is extremely important for the survival of all species. For example, if human beings lost their genetic diversity, such as the loss of the Y chromosome, only women would exist in the world. Of course, without a diverse population of men and women, having a future population would be uncertain. It is also apparent today, that genetic diversity in different people has enabled the human race to ward off certain diseases, particularly viruses. As Robert indicates in page 31 her book, a non-fatal change to a human reproductive cell is likely to r esult to the change being passed to other generations. Therefore, the loss of such diversity means that no one would be immune to any virus because a generation in the past is not able to pass the immunity to future

Reflective portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflective portfolio - Essay Example Personally, I opted to volunteer with the National Society of clean Air (NSCA) organization. It is an organization that enhances the protection of environment, and advocates for clean air in the world. Its main objective is to see reduced pollution of land, air, water, noise and other harmful contaminants. In my entire time of volunteering, I was able to create a significant impact on various communities through the creation of awareness on the importance of keeping our environment healthy. Communities in which I served were able to understand the importance of vegetation cover and disposing of wastes in an environmentally friendly manner. The planet is contaminated and without any environmental efforts to return to its natural state then people will perish over time. Our environment is suffering from the impacts of global warming. There is a need to reduce the amount of green house gases emitted into the air through the adoption of cleaner production technologies and increasing on t he vegetation cover. Evaluating the contribution of volunteering in meeting the organization objective Support from volunteers and organization leadership are fundamental in the success of an organization (Warner et al 2011, p.391). Without the two, then successful movements in sentiment transformation in various levels such as political, personal or professional cannot thrive. In order for the continual culture of improvements environmentally, volunteers at the community level are an essential commodity. Volunteers are effective in providing adequate service and remarkably efficient in reducing the organization spending costs. They always offer their services free of charge (Levine & Agostino 2010, p.711). However, because of their increased numbers, organizations have not been able to accommodate them. Non-profit organizations such as National Society of clean Air have been able to utilize skilled volunteers in meeting the needs of the community and meet its goals and objectives. Volunteers in environmental organization have been at the forefront advocating for Natural resource management (Measham &Barnett 2008, p.538). They are tasked by the organization to pass information to the community on the importance of managing their resources effectively. This is through the development of brochures that have information on natural resource management and holding campaigns where communities are able to air their views. The interaction between the community and volunteers enable an organization to identify loopholes that exists and come up with strategies that can enable them fix the problem. Through volunteering, the volunteers have been able to acquire necessary skills that make them sell like hot cake in the job market. Some have become environmental activists. They advocate for policies that will enhance the improvement and point fingers at those organizations that are not operating in an environmental sound manner. The volunteers in the organization involve th emselves in activities such as botanical specimen collection to enhance their understanding of ecology. They also involve themselves in monitoring and evaluation programs. This develops their mind in criticizing where things are not right. Through the volunteers, the organization has been able to achieve its aim of protecting the environment and ensuring that the air individuals’ breath is clean. Through sensitization, the community and other stakeholders have

The Destruction of the Indies and the Middle Passage Essay Example for Free

The Destruction of the Indies and the Middle Passage Essay Bartolomà © de las Casas was one of the first proponents of Indian rights in the New World. A priest and historian of his day, responsible for preserving Christopher Columbuss journals, de las Casas also wrote works such as The Devastation of the Indies and Apologetic History of the Indies. Labeled a heretic and traitor, de las Casas documented the war on the Indians by the Spaniards and argued the Indians cause, at great personal risk, before the Spanish court. The following account gives a sympathetic description of the natives, outlines the Spanish lust for gold, and details a nearly unbelievable torture of several Indians. SOURCE: From The Devastation of the Indies by Bartolomà © de las Casas. English Translation Copyright  © 1974 by The Crossroad Publishing Company. Reprinted by permission of The Crossroad Publishing Company. And of all the infinite universe of humanity, these people are the most guileless, the most devoid of wickedness and duplicity, the most obedient and faithful to their native masters and to the Spanish Christians whom they serve. They are by nature the most humble, patient, and peaceable, holding no grudges, free from embroilments, neither excitable nor quarrelsome. These people are the most devoid of rancors, hatreds, or desire for vengeance of any people in the world. And because they are so weak and complaisant, they are less able to endure heavy labor and soon die of no matter what malady. The sons of nobles among us, brought up in the enjoyments of lifes refinements, are no more delicate than are these Indians, even those among them who are of the lowest rank of laborers. They are also poor people, for they not only possess little but have no desire to possess worldly goods. For this reason they are not arrogant, embittered, or greedy. Their repasts are such that the food of the holy fathers in the desert can scarcely be more parsimonious, scanty, and poor. As to their dress, they are generally naked, with only their pudenda covered somewhat. And when they cover their shoulders it is with a square cloth no more than two varas in size. They have no beds, but sleep on a kind of matting or else in a kind of suspended net called hamacas. They are very clean in their persons, with alert, intelligent minds, docile and open to doctrine, very apt to receive our holy  Catholic faith, to be endowed with virtuous customs, and to behave in a godly fashion. And once they begin to hear the tidings of the Faith, they are so insistent on knowing more and on taking the sacraments of the Church and on observing the divine cult that, truly, the missionaries who are here need to be endowed by God with great patience in order to cope with such eagerness. Some of the secular Spaniards who have been here for many years say that the goodness of the Indians is undeniable and that if this gifted people could be brought to know the one true God they would be the most fortunate people in the world. The common ways mainly employed by the Spaniards who call themselves Christian and who have gone there to extirpate those pitiful nations and wipe them off the earth is by unjustly waging cruel and bloody wars. Then, when they have slain all those who fought for their lives or to escape the tortures they would have to endure, that is to say, when they have slain all the native rulers and young men (since the Spaniards usually spare only the women and children, who are subjected to the hardest and bitterest servitude ever suffered by man or beast), they enslave any survivors. With these infernal methods of tyranny they debase and weaken countless numbers of those pitiful Indian nations. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition, the greatest ever seen in the world, is the cause of their villainies. And also, those lands are so rich and felicitous, the native peoples so meek and patient, so easy to subject, that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts. And I say this from my own knowledge of the acts I witnessed. But I should not say than beasts for, thanks be to God, they have treated beasts with some respect; I should say instead like excrement on the public squares. I once saw this, when there were four or five Indian nobles lashed on grids and burning; I seem even to recall that there were two or three pairs of gri ds where others were burning, and because they uttered such loud screams that they disturbed the Spanish captains sleep, he ordered them to be strangled. And the constable,  who was worse than an executioner, did not want to obey that order (and I know the name of that constable and know his relatives in Seville), but instead put a stick over the victims tongues, so they could not make a sound, and he stirred up the fire, but not too much, so that they roasted slowly, as he liked. I saw all these things I have described, and countless others. And because all the people who could do so fled to the mountains to escape these inhuman, ruthless, and ferocious acts, the Spanish captains, enemies of the human race, pursued them with the fierce dogs they kept which attacked the Indians, tearing them to pieces and devouring them. And because on few and far between occasions, the Indians justifiably killed some Christians, the Spaniards made a rule among themselves that for every Christian slain by the Indians, they would slay a hundred Indians. Among the noteworthy outrages they committed was the one they perpetrated against a cacique, a very important noble, by name Hatuey, who had come to Cuba from Hispaniola with many of his people, to flee the calamities and inhuman acts of the Christians. When he was told by certain Indians that the Christians were now coming to Cuba, he assembled as many of his followers as he could and said this to them: Now you must know that they are saying the Christians are coming here, and you know by experience how they put So and So and So and So, and other nobles to an end. And now they are coming from Haiti (which is Hispaniola) to do the same here. Do you know why they do this? The Indians replied: We do not know. But it may be that they are by nature wicked and cruel. And he told them: No, they do not act only because of that, but because they have a God they greatly worship and they want us to worship that God, and that is why they struggle with us and subject us and kill us. He had a basket full of gold and jewels and he said: You see their God here, the God of the Christians. If you agree to it, let us dance for this God, who knows, it may please the God of the Christians and then they will do us no harm. And his followers said, all together, Yes, that is good, that is good! And they danced round the basket of gold until they fell down exhausted. Then their chief, the cacique Hatuey, said to them: See here, if we keep this basket of gold they will take it from us and will end up by killing us. So let us cast away the basket into the river. They all agreed to do this, and they flung the basket of gold into the river that was nearby. This cacique, Hatuey, was constantly fleeing before the Christians from the time they arrived on the island of Cuba, since he knew them and of what they were capable. Now and then they encountered him and he defended himself, but they finally killed him. And they did this for the sole reason that he had fled from those cruel and wicked Christians and had defended himself against them. And when they had captured him and as many of his followers as they could, they burned them all at the stake. When tied to the stake, the cacique Hatuey was told by a Franciscan friar who was present, an artless rascal, something about the God of the Christians and of the articles of the Faith. And he was told what he could do in the brief time that remained to him, in order to be saved and go to Heaven. The cacique, who had never heard any of this before, and was told he would go to Inferno where if he did not adopt the Christian Faith, he would suffer eternal torment, asked the Franciscan friar if Christians all went to Heaven. When told that they did he said he would prefer to go to Hell. Such is the fame and honor that God and our Faith have earned through the Christians who have gone out to the Indies. The Middle Passage, from Olaudah Equianos Interesting Narrative This account of the middle passage comes from one of the first writings by an ex-slave and the originator of the slave narrative. Equiano was born in Nigeria and was kidnapped into slavery at the age of eleven. After a time in the West Indies, he was sold to a Virginia planter before becoming the slave of a merchant. Years later he was able to buy his freedom and at the age of 44, he wrote The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African. Written by Himself. Equiano became an abolitionist and made the expedition to settle the colony of ex-slaves at Sierra Leone. . . . The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship, which was then riding at anchor, and waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled and tossed up  to see if I were sound by some of the crew; and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me. Their complexions too differing so much from ours, their long hair, and the language they spoke, (which was very different from any I had ever heard) united to confirm me in this belief. Indeed such were the horrors of my views and fears at the moment, that, if ten thousand worlds had been my own, I would have freely parted with them all to have exchanged my condition with that of the meanest slave in my own country. When I looked round the ship too and saw a large furnace of copper boiling, and a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted of my fate; and, quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted. When I recovered a little I found some black people about me, who I believe were some of those who brought me on board, and had been receiving their pay; they talked to me in order to cheer me, but all in vain. I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks,  red faces, and loose hair. They told me I was not; and one of the crew brought me a small portion of spirituous liquor in a wine glass; but, being afraid of him, I would not take it out of his hand. One of the blacks therefore took it from him and gave it to me, and I took a little down my palate, which, instead of reviving me, as they thought it would, threw me into the greatest consternation at the strange feeling it produced, having never tasted any such liquor before. Soon after this the blacks who brought me on board went off, and left me abandoned to despair. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly; and I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind, still heightened by my ignorance of what I was to undergo. I was not long suffered to indulge my grief; I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste  anything. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and, on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before; and although, not being used to the water, I naturally feared that element the first time I saw it, yet nevertheless, could I have got over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side, but I could not; and, besides, the crew used to watch us very closely who were not chained down to the decks, lest we should l eap into the water: and I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating. This indeed was often the case with myself. In a little time after, amongst the poor chained men, I found some of my own nation, which in a small degree gave ease to my mind. I inquired of these what was to be done with us; they gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white peoples country to work for them. I then was a little revived, and thought, if it were no worse than working, my situation was not so desperate: but still I feared I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner; for I had never seen among any people such instances of brutal cruellty; and this not only shewn towards us blacks, but also to some of the whites themselves. One white man in particular I saw when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rope near the foremast, that he died in consequence of it; and they tossed him over the side as they would have done a brute. This made me fear these people the more; and I expected nothing less than to be treated in the same manner. I could not help expressing my fears and apprehensions to some of my countrymen: I asked them if these people had no country, but lived in this hollow place (the ship): they told me they did not, but came from a distant one. Then, said I, how comes it in all our country we never heard of them? They told me because they lived so very far off. I then asked where were their women? had they any like themselves? and why, said I, do we not see them? they answered, because they were left behind. . . . The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air; but now that the whole  ships cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost  suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable; and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck; and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with served only to render my state more painful, and heighten my apprehensions, and my opin ion of the cruelty of the whites. One day they had taken a number of fishes; and when they had killed and satisfied themselves with as many as they thought fit, to our astonishment who were on the deck, rather than give any of them to us to eat as we expected, they tossed the remaining fish into the sea again, although we begged and prayed for some as well as we could, but in vain; and some of my countrymen, being pressed by hunger, took an opportunity, when they thought no one saw them, of trying to get a little privately; but they were discovered, and the attempt procured them some very severe floggings. . . . . . . I and some few more slaves, that were not saleable amongst the rest, from very much fretting, were shipped off in a sloop for North America. . . . While I was in this plantation [in Virginia] the gentleman, to whom I suppose the estate belonged, being unwell, I was one day sent for to his  dwelling house to fan him; when I came into the room where he was I was very much affrighted at some things I saw, and the more so as I had seen a black woman slave as I came through the house, who was cooking the dinner, and the poor creature was cruelly loaded with various kinds of iron machines; she had one particularly on her head, which locked her mouth so fast that she could scarcely speak; and could not eat nor drink. I was much astonished and shocked at this contrivance, which I afterwards learned was called the iron muzzle . . .

Clostridium Difficile Infection: Causes and Treatment

Clostridium Difficile Infection: Causes and Treatment Clostridium difficile   Introduction Clostridium difficile generally written as C. difficile is a bacterium (germ). It presents in a small quantity in the gut of many people without harming person. But, when the quantity of C. difficile bacteria increases in the gut, then it can cause infection. The C. difficile bacteria usually do not create infection in healthy people. Though, some  antibiotics can disturb the regular balance of usual bacteria in the gut that shield against C. difficile infection. This infection most commonly affects people whose treatment requires prolonged use of antibiotics. During use of antibiotics, if other harmless bacteria are killed, then this will allows C. difficile to grow in larger numbers than normal circumstances. The bacteria start to produce toxins that cause the symptoms given below. Therefore, if a person is taking antibiotics and He/she has C. difficile bacteria in gut, then bacteria may flourish and can cause an infection. This is a problem normally occur while taking many of the commonly used antibiotics. Spread of Clostridium difficile infection C. difficile bacteria are usually found in whole the environment — in air, soil, water, human and animal faeces. It is also found in food products, such as processed meats. C. difficile infection commonly associated with hospitals where a higher percentage of people carry the bacteria. C. difficile bacteria spread to food, surfaces when infectious people do not clearly wash their hands. The bacteria creates spores that can be persevered in a place for months. If you touch a surface polluted with C. difficile, then you may then unintentionally swallow the bacteria. Symptoms of the disease The symptoms of adisease can range from mild diarrhoea to a severe life-threatening inflammation of the bowel. The symptoms of a Clostridium difficileinfection generally grow when you are taking, or just finished taking an antibiotic. Seldom, symptoms mayappear up to 10 weeks after you finish taking antibiotics. List of symptoms include: Watery diarrhoea (sometimes can be blood-stained) three to four times a day; may be more. Colitis (inflammation of a larger bowel). Loss of appetite abdominal cramping and pain Nausea a high temperature (fever) of above 38 ºC (100.4 ºF) painful abdominal cramps No treatment may be required in mild cases only abandoning the antibiotics or drinking plenty of fluids is required to cure infection. However, cure with specific antibiotics is desirable in more severe cases. Identification of Clostridium difficile Infection Clostridium difficile Infection is identified in a patient in following cases; Anyone who develops diarrhoea who had used antibiotics within the previous two months, and/or When diarrhoea was developed due to stay at hospital, or after few weeks of releasing from hospital. Anyone has abdominal pain, or fever; Anyone has a diagnosis of colonoscopy, pseudo membranes on sigmoidoscopy or histological/pathological diagnosis of CDI; Anyone has a diagnosis of toxic mega colon. Laboratory testing of a sample of stool can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. The test identifies the toxin material in the stool sample that is produced by C. difficile. An X-ray of abdomen, CT scan, or a Blood tests can be conducted if a patient more severe infection. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection Clostridium difficile infection treatment depends upon severity of the illness. No treatment is necessary if one has no symptom. However, symptoms are shown various treatment are suggested for mild to severe infection. Mild infection treatment Patients having mild infection can be treated at home. If patient has mild symptoms of aC. difficile infection, infection can be controlled by just withdrawing antibiotics that have caused the problem. This will let the normal harmless bacteria to regrow in your gut. The excess growth of C. difficile should then decrease and symptoms often ease. Actually, many people will stopped the antibiotic anyway, after the completion of antibiotic course. In many cases where the signs are minor, stopping the antibiotics proved sufficient to clear the infection. Modest to severe infection If infection is of severe nature, patient will usually be admitted into hospital, so that patient can be treated and closely look after. If you have symptoms that are more bothersome, such as severediarrhoea or colitis, following treatment is prescribed to cure the infection: 1. Taking an antibiotic In case of severe symptoms such as severe diarrhoea or colitis, patients will be given antibiotics that can damage C. difficile bacteria. In the start, in moderate cases metronidazole is prescribed to cure the infection. But in severe cases vancomycinor fidaxomicin may be used to ease any colitis and stop perforation of colon. Symptoms then usually ease within two to three days, although it can take a week to make a significant recovery. Likely side effects of these antibiotics are stomach pain, feeling or being sick. 2. Fluid replacement In diarrhoea lot of fluid released from body and body becomes dehydrated. So, it is very important that fluid must be replaced in the body to maintain body’s water level. This reduction can easily be eliminated by drinking extra fluids. But, in case of severe, fluids should be given through a drip into veins or by nasogastric tube. 3. Surgery in rare cases Surgery cases are less than 1%. It is required only in life-threatening cases to remove a damaged section of bowel. Severe cases ofC. difficile infection can befatal,especially when they occur in those people who faces severe illness. Prevention C. difficile infection can be spread very easily. Normally, it can be prevented by maintaining good hygiene in healthcare surroundings, such as regularly washing hands and cleaning surfaces using bleach products. When someone is attending the patient having C. difficile infection, he/she can reduce the risk of spreading the infection by washing hands before and after entering the patient room. Soap and water should be preferred over Alcohol gel as in not effective against germs. Preventing the spread of infection into hospital I would implement strict guidelines about maintaining the hygienic environment in the hospital to avoid the spread of C. difficile infection. Possible guidelines would be; If possible, infectious patient should have their own room, washbasin and toilet facilities. Everyone should regularly wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water, particularly after using the toilet or anyone coming from outside to meet the patient. All the hospital staff must wear disposable gloves and aprons and they must wash their hands with water and soap before and after attending patient. Practice will be made of using soap and water should be used as a medium of washing instead of Hand gel because hand gel not kill the spores created by C. difficile. Visitors must also wear disposable gloves and aprons and must wash their hands before entering and leaving the room. Floors, Toilets, surfaces, bedpans, bedding, etc. should be clean washed regularly. Conclusion Clostridium difficile infection is caused by bacteria. It can range from severe to mild. Proper prevention and use of medicine can reduce the infection in very limited time. References Zar, Fred A., et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45.3 (2007): 302-307. Wilcox, Mark H. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41.suppl 3 (1998): 41-46. Bignardi, G. E. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Hospital Infection 40.1 (1998): 1-15. Gerding, Dale N., Carlene A. Muto, and Robert C. Owens. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46.Supplement 1 (2008): S32-S42. Wilcox, Mark H. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41.suppl 3 (1998): 41-46.

Environmentally Friendly Golf Courses Essay -- Environment Golf Enviro

Golf Courses Made More Environmentally Friendly Through the Advancement of Technology The human race has inhabited this planet for only a small window in the geological time scale, however, the advances and changes in lifestyle that humans have made throughout the course of history are amazing. The field of technology is by the far the most interesting aspect of human societal growth because it is our ability to build these products that separates from the other species we share this planet with. It is hard to believe that at one point there was no electricity, no telephone, no internet or even no cars, but humans have developed all of these technological innovations which improve and facilitate our way of life. With all these new inventions and magical miracle products it is possible to loose track of what really makes this planet so special and that is the environment which surrounds us each day. Are these new technological ideas harmful to the environment? Is the rapid growth and development of such technologies so quick that we have no idea how the products w ill affect the environment 5 years from now, let alone 25 years from now? The preeminent and most beneficial technologies are those which are environmentally safe and consider the consequences of their usage. By developing technologies that have a positive effect on the environment we are ensuring the existence of the human race and other species long after we have died. One of the world’s oldest and most prestigious sports is known as the gentleman’s game or golf, as it is more commonly referred to, and there is no doubt that with the addition of Tiger Woods to the PGA Tour that golf in America is on the rise and is a booming industry. America has over 180... ...aping Application.† http://www.epa.gov/GreenScapes/pubs/compost.pdf. Accessed 5/1/04. [7] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"North Shore Country Club A Greener Green.† http://www.epa.gov/GreenScapes/projects/nscclub.htm. Accessed 5/1/04. [8] Paskvan, Craig. â€Å"Fertilizers for the upcoming year.† http://www.golfprohelp.com/Articles/Fertilizers_For_The_Upcoming_Year.asp. Accessed 5/13/04. [9] Hunter Golf Vista Central Control System. http://www.huntergolf.com/downloads/pdfs/glit020w.pdf. Accessed 5/1/04. [10] The American Society of Golf Course Architects. â€Å"The Links at Spanish Bay.† http://www.golfdesign.org/public/connect/home.html?c=73622156&pageid=11689. Accessed 5/1/04. [11] The American Society of Golf Course Architects. â€Å"Santa Clara Golf & Tennis Club.† http://www.golfdesign.org/public/connect/home.html?c=73622156&pageid=11677. Accessed 5/1/04.

The Tempest Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Classics

The similarities and differences between Aime' Cesaire's ATempest and William Shakespeare's The Tempest gives the reader an idea that it is a political response. From the way that both of the titles of these works of literature differ, an idea of concept is offered. They share a similar story line yet, after some one has read A Tempest : a different perspective is gained. A Tempest is actually considered a post colonial period piece of writing and one can acquire and prove this by the forms in which Aime' Cesaire portrays the characters and switches around their personalities and their traits,the time periods and the acquisition of language, and the ways power is used reveals that it is indeed a political response from a post colonial perspective. Shakespeare's The Tempest and Cesaire's A Tempest differ in the way it is expressed. From the words, the and a the whole concept of tempest is changed completely. The definition of the word tempest could mean two things, a violent windstorm, frequently accompanied by rain,snow,or hail and/or a furiosus agitation, commotion,or tumult; an uproar. Shakespeare's The Tempest is correlated with the first definition while Cesaire's A Tempest associates more with the second one. Shakespeare's The Tempest starts of with a storm and on a ship [A tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning heard] (Shakespeare 1667-69) while Cesaire's begins with Caliban shouting, "Uhuru!" (Cesaire 1721) which means freedom. Those examples gives us the concept of the storm and an a uproar. The time period in which The Tempest was written is the age of exploration is within the time frame of the mid 1400's towards the late 1500's. The discovery and colonization of far off lands, these years were filled ... ...liban called him "a colony addict" .(Cesaire 1727) Also,Cesaire made it seemed as Prospero revenge was another conquest not really a vengeful act. By the end, the reader sees this with his reasoning of why he forgived them. Ariel was always overly compliant and was always called my dear Ariel by Prospero. While Caliban, the black slave was treated horridly and threatned. Prospero told Ariel it doesn't matter what that villain plots against me?All the nobility of Italy,Naples,and Milan and henceforth combined,will protect my person."(Cesaire 1723) There is no doubt that Cesaire is trying to say no matter what, us Europeans always stick together, so he has nothing on me, he doesn't phase me which is one of the main ideals in this political response.During slavery, Europeans had alot of control over the Africans fate but, there were always limits that caused a tempest. The Tempest Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Classics The similarities and differences between Aime' Cesaire's ATempest and William Shakespeare's The Tempest gives the reader an idea that it is a political response. From the way that both of the titles of these works of literature differ, an idea of concept is offered. They share a similar story line yet, after some one has read A Tempest : a different perspective is gained. A Tempest is actually considered a post colonial period piece of writing and one can acquire and prove this by the forms in which Aime' Cesaire portrays the characters and switches around their personalities and their traits,the time periods and the acquisition of language, and the ways power is used reveals that it is indeed a political response from a post colonial perspective. Shakespeare's The Tempest and Cesaire's A Tempest differ in the way it is expressed. From the words, the and a the whole concept of tempest is changed completely. The definition of the word tempest could mean two things, a violent windstorm, frequently accompanied by rain,snow,or hail and/or a furiosus agitation, commotion,or tumult; an uproar. Shakespeare's The Tempest is correlated with the first definition while Cesaire's A Tempest associates more with the second one. Shakespeare's The Tempest starts of with a storm and on a ship [A tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning heard] (Shakespeare 1667-69) while Cesaire's begins with Caliban shouting, "Uhuru!" (Cesaire 1721) which means freedom. Those examples gives us the concept of the storm and an a uproar. The time period in which The Tempest was written is the age of exploration is within the time frame of the mid 1400's towards the late 1500's. The discovery and colonization of far off lands, these years were filled ... ...liban called him "a colony addict" .(Cesaire 1727) Also,Cesaire made it seemed as Prospero revenge was another conquest not really a vengeful act. By the end, the reader sees this with his reasoning of why he forgived them. Ariel was always overly compliant and was always called my dear Ariel by Prospero. While Caliban, the black slave was treated horridly and threatned. Prospero told Ariel it doesn't matter what that villain plots against me?All the nobility of Italy,Naples,and Milan and henceforth combined,will protect my person."(Cesaire 1723) There is no doubt that Cesaire is trying to say no matter what, us Europeans always stick together, so he has nothing on me, he doesn't phase me which is one of the main ideals in this political response.During slavery, Europeans had alot of control over the Africans fate but, there were always limits that caused a tempest.

A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC

A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTCL First A. Writer,Appellation, Organization, Second B. Author, and Third C. Author, Jr. , Designation, Organization Abstraction— Power system province appraisal with the sole deployment of synchronal phasor measurings demands that the system must be wholly discernible with PMUs merely. Direct measuring of stage angles of current and electromotive force phasors are now possible by Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) . To hold lesser figure of PMUs, the arrangement job in any web is considered as an optimisation job. This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. The proposed algorithm clusters the coachs into many sub groups and the maximal connectivity coach is selected as the heading coach. The PMU is placed on the heading coach to pull off the affiliated coachs for complete system observability. This paper analyses the proposed algorithm for the undermentioned three instances: 1. Without PMU loss, 2. With individual PMU loss, and 3. Zero Injection Bus. The simulation consequences for IEEE coach and the KPTCL coach syste ms are presented and compared with the bing attacks. The proposed consequences show that the method is simple to implement and supply the accurate PMU arrangement. Index Terms— IEEE Bus, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited ( KPTCL ) , Optimal PMU Placement, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) , and Power System State EstimationI. IntroductionPower public-service corporations are confronting legion menaces of security of operation due to the over stressed power web in the today’s competitory power market scenario. Phasor Measurement Unit ( PMU ) is an measuring device which is used to mensurate the current and electromotive force. It uses the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) pulsation to ease the synchronised measurings of existent clip phasors of currents and electromotive force. A power system is said to be recognizable when electromotive force phasors at all the coachs are known. Harmonizing to Ohm’s Law, if a PMU is placed at the coach, so the neighboring coachs besides become discernible. Obviously, when PMUs are placed at all the coachs of the web, and the measurings fo r all the PMUs are communicated to the control units, so the electromotive force phasors at all the coachs would be known. This attack can alter the traditional appraisal to province measuring. PMUs are already installed in several public-service corporations for assorted applications around the universe such as province appraisal, adaptative protection and system protection strategies. Other application Fieldss include stableness monitoring, Wide Area Monitoring and Control ( WAMC ) and efficient system use. In the traditional power systems, the coachs are monitored utilizing the conventional measurings from electromotive force and current transformers and the informations are forwarded to the Energy Management System ( EMS ) through the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA ) system. It collects the existent clip measurings from the Remote Terminal Units ( RTUs ) placed in substations. This attacks are non able to supervise all the measurings across a broad country power system because the informations are non time-synchronized [ 1 ] . PMUs are an indispensable portion of smart grids and therefore the rate of PMU installings are increasing. In the emerging engineering, the major issue demand to be addressed is the arrangement of PMUs, which is influenced by the awaited system applications. The major factor restricting the figure of PMU installings are their cost and the communicating installations. Hence, the cost and communicating restraints of PMUs have been motivated the r esearch workers to place the minimum PMU installing for the awaited applications. Puting PMUs on all coachs of the power system consequences a complete observability of the system. Since, a coach is observed if a PMU is placed on it or some of its adjacent coachs, it is neither economical nor necessary to transport set such installings. As a effect, a job called Optimal PMU Placement ( OPP ) job has been occurs. The purpose of this paper is to place the optimum figure of PMUs to do the KPTCL topologically discernible. Here, a PSO based Clustering Algorithm is proposed to constellate the coachs. The heading coach is selected based on the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The heading coach is placed with the PMU to supervise the other affiliated coachs. The PMU arrangement scheme confirms the system observability during the normal on the job conditions and besides the individual PMU failures. The proposed method is found to be simple, fast and accurate in calculation. The proposed method is applied on IEEE-6, IEEE-7, IEEE-9, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 coach systems and KPTCL power maps for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach systems to verify the proposed algorithm public presentation. The staying portion of the paper is organized as follows: Section II involves the plants related to the bing algorithms for optimum PMU arrangement job. Section III involves the description of the proposed PSO based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. Section IV involves the public presentation analysis of the proposed work. The paper is concluded in Section V.II. Related PlantsWith the figure of PMUs estimated for installing in the close hereafter, both the public-service corporations and research workers are looking for the optimum solutions to their arrangement. The solutions for the optimum PMU arrangement job can be classified into two types: mathematical and heuristic algorithms. Some of the bing plants related to the optimum PMU arrangements are discussed. Integer scheduling is a mathematical scheduling attack for work outing an optimisation job holding whole number design variables.Singhintroduced an whole number programming based methodological analysis fo r the optimum arrangement of PMU. It reduces the cost of installing and ease the full power system observability. The zero injection coachs construct was used to further cut down the figure of PMUs. Integer programming helps to supply multiple consequences if the adjacent coachs to zero injection coachs were non handled decently. The best consequences was selected based on the [ 2 ] .Fan and Watsonproposed a multi-channel PMU arrangement job and their solution. Here, a close relationship among the PMU arrangement job and the authoritative combinatorial job were identified [ 3 ] . Roy et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement attack for power system observability. Here, a three phase optimum PMU arrangement method was formulated based on web connectivity information. Phase 1 and present 2 of the algorithm iteratively estimate the less of import coach locations to extinguish the PMUs and estimates where the PMUs were retained. The last phase reduces the figure of PMUs utilizing the pruning operation. The optimum set of PMU locations were obtained for web observability [ 4 ] .Manousakis and Korresdesigned a leaden least squares algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. A quadratic minimisation job with uninterrupted determination factors were formulated capable to the nonlinear observability restraints. The optimum solution was obtained by an unconstrained nonlinear weighted least squares method [ 5 ] .Mahari and Seyediproposed a Binary Imperialistic Competition Algorithm ( BICA ) for optimum PMU arrangement. The zero injection coach was considered for all probes to obtain the suited replies. In add-on to the traditional regulations, new regulation was besides generated. It helps to cut down the figure of PMUs arrangement [ 6 ] . Tai et Alproposed a Random Component Outages ( RCO ) for optimum PMU arrangement for power system appraisal. The optimum locations were chosen to cut down the province appraisal and mistake covariance [ 7 ] .Sodhi et Alpresented an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system. A two phase PMU arrangement attack was proposed. Phase 1 identifies the minimal figure of PMUs to do the system topologically discernible. Phase 2 was proposed to place if the resulted PMU arrangement outputs to a full graded measuring Jacobian. A consecutive riddance algorithm was proposed to place the optimum locations of extra PMUs [ 8 ] . An Exhaustive hunt is an optimisation technique which consistently enumerates all possible campaigners for the solution. It chosen the campaigner which satisfy the restraints at the optimal nonsubjective map value. It guaranteed the determination of the planetary optimum but it was non suited for big scale systems with immense hunt infinite.Azizi et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement by an tantamount additive preparation for thorough hunt. The province appraisal was implemented based on the complete additive arrangement [ 9 ] . Fei et Al[ 10 ] discussed an optimum PMU arrangement based on the limited thorough attack. An about optimum PMU arrangement ( AOPP ) was established in order to place the seeking infinite. AOPP was deterministically retrieved by elaborate power system province observability analysis. The impression of coach neighbour was defined to deduce the seeking infinite of limited thorough attack. The heuristic algorithms applied for optimum arrangements are Familial algorithm, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Immune Algorithm, Iterated Local Search ( ILS ) , Crossing Tree Search ( STS ) , Greedy Algorithm, Recursive Security N Algorithm, Decision Tree and Practical Heuristic Algorithm.Hajian et Alintroduced an optimum PMUs arrangement to keep the web observability utilizing a modified BPSO algorithm. An optimum measuring set was estimated to obtain the full web observability during normal conditions. After any PMU loss or individua l transmittal line outage, the derived strategy in normal status was modified. Observability analysis was carried out based on topological observability regulations. A new regulation was added to minimise the figure of PMUs for complete system observability. A modified BPSO algorithm was used as an optimisation tool to acquire the minimum figure of PMUs and their corresponding locations [ 11 ] . Sharma and Tyagidesigned an optimum PMU arrangement attack based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization ( BPSO ) with the conventional measurings. Quadratic scheduling was used in BPSO algorithm. A method for pseudo observability was introduced for deepness one and depth two with and without zero injection measurings. It was tested on IEEE-7, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 coach system utilizing BPSO technique [ 12 ] .Peng et Alformulated a multi nonsubjective optimum PMU arrangement utilizing a non-dominated sorting differential development algorithm. It is an organic integrating of Pareto non-dominated sorting operation and the differential development algorithm. It enhances the single crowding mechanism and common mechanism [ 13 ] .El-Zonkoly et Alproposed an Improved Tabu Search ( ITS ) for complete observability and out of measure anticipation. The system was based on numerical observability and unreal intelligence. ITS was used to place the optimum arrangement for the PMU to maint ain the system wholly discernible. A Predictive Out of Step ( OOS ) algorithm was proposed based on the observation of the electromotive force stage difference among the substations [ 14 ] .Aminifar et Alformulated an optimum PMU arrangement based on probabilistic cost or benefit analysis. The decrease of system hazard cost was recognized as the benefit linked with the development of broad country measuring system [ 15 ] . Das et Aldesigned a simulation of broad country measuring system with optimum phasor measuring unit location. These measurings were by and large taken for every 4 to 10 seconds offering a steady province position of the power system behaviour. It was implemented on IEEE six coach system [ 16 ] .Jamuna and Swarupproposed a multi-objective biogeography based optimisation for optimum PMU arrangement. Here, the coincident optimisation of the two conflicting aims like minimisation of the figure of PMUs and maximization of the measuring redundancy were performed. The Pareto optimum solution was obtained based on the non-dominated sorting and herding distance. The compromised solution was selected based on the fuzzy based mechanism from the Pareto optimum solution [ 17 ] .Ghosh et Almade a dependability analysis of GIS aided optimum PMU location for smart operation. It look into the impact of topological properties on commissioning PMUs. Reliability was ensured through assorted PMU connecti vity constellation [ 18 ] .Peppanen et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement with binary PSO [ 19 ] .Abiri et Alintroduced an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological observability of power system. A revised preparation for the optimum arrangement job of the sorts of PMUs was presented [ 20 ] .III. PSO Based Cluster Formation For Optimal PMU PlacementPower system observability is indispensable for placing the existent clip monitoring and province appraisal of the system. PMUs enable advanced solutions to bing public-service corporation jobs and supply power system engineers a whole scope of possible benefits:Accurate appraisal of the power system province can be obtained at frequent intervals,Permiting dynamic phenomena to be observed from a main location and suited control actions are taken.Post perturbation analysis will be much improved for the PMU arrangement job, which is obtained with the precise images of the system states through GPS synchronism. This subdivision proposed a PSO based Optimal PMU Placement in power systems. The aim of this method is to supply the optimum arrangement of PMUs, which can do the system discernible and to maximise the measurement redundancy of the system. Fig.1 shows the flow of the proposed method. Initially, the coach system is taken and each coach is considered as a node. Each node connectivity is updated in the binary tabular array. Here, we are sing the undermentioned three instances:Without PMU LossWith PMU LossZero InjectionsA. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Cluster Formation for Optimal PMU PlacementPSO is an optimisation algorithm which facilitates a population based search process in which single are termed as atoms. Here, the PSO algorithm is used to constellate the coachs for optimum PMU arrangement. Each atom contains a PMU arrangement constellation for a power system. It represents that each atom is constructed by binary dimensions, such that each coach of the power system has a di mension which indicates the being of a PMU in that coach, it is equal to 1, otherwise 0. Algorithm 1: PSO based Cluster Formation Input signal:Connectivity inside informations of the given coach system 1: Create binary tabular array for the given coachs as ForI = 1 to figure of coach ForJ = 1 to figure of coach Ifcoach ( I ) connect to bus ( J ) Matrix element represent as 1 Else Matrix element represent as 0 End If End For End For 2: D= Sum ( degree Fahrenheit ( x ) ) 3: L = soap ( vitamin D ) 4: Calculate the coach connexion for LThursdaycoach and topographic point PMU on that coach 5: Update the binary tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array 6: Initialize atoms 7: Position of atoms = ‘x’ and ‘y’ organizing points of coach location. 8: Speed = random ( figure of coachs ) 9: Check fittingness for given place by utilizing nonsubjective map. 10: Minimum ( F_Position ) 11: 12: Position = Position + Velocity 13:ForK = 1 to loop IfPresent_fitness & A ; lt ; Last_fitness Update fittingness value End If Update speed and place. End For 14: Find upper limit ( fitness_value ) , mf = soap ( fittingness ) 15: Topographic point PMU on that coach. 16: Update double star tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array. 17: Cringle to Step 6 until binary table gets empty. 18:Ifthe PMU placed at merely one coach, Check the nearest coach and made connexion between them and update bunch. 19:End If The proposed algorithm is applied on the three instances for optimum PMU arrangement.B. Case 1: Without PMU LossIn this instance, the zero injection and the flow measuring are ignored. To explicate the restraint set, the binary connectivity matric is formed whose entries are defined in the undermentioned equation: ( 1 ) The matrix can be straight calculated from the coach entree matrix by change overing the entries in the binary signifier. See the six coach system The binary tabular array B is defined as ( 2 ) The restraints for this instance is, ( 3 ) From the binary tabular array, place the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The tabular array shows the maximal connectivity is occurred in coach 3. Hence, coach 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are eliminated from the binary tabular array. Then, the binary tabular array can be updated as, ( 4 ) After executing the PSO based constellating algorithm, the PMU is placed on coach 1 and bus 3, which is shown in fig.3.C. Case 2: With loss of PMUIt is considered as each coach is discernible by individual PMU and these PMUs are placed by the proposed bunch algorithm. Hence, the arrangement of PMUs are extremely dependable but, if any perturbation occurred in power system or due to maintenance purpose any of the PMUs topographic points is out from the system. If any of the PMU is disconnected, so some of the coachs are connected to that PMUs are non remain discernible. In order to get the better of such unexpected PMU failures, a scheme is considered for individual PMU loss. It can be achieved if all the coachs are observed by at least two PMUs. These are operated as two sets,Primary setBackup setIf suppose the PMU from primary set is non working decently, so the backup set will take the duty to detect the coachs. To obtain the twosome of PMUs, the restraint and nonsubjective map wil l stay same by merely modifying the alteration in matrix f. In this instance, the elements of degree Fahrenheit is equal to 2 alternatively of 1. It is defined as follows: ( 5 ) This instance place the PMU for supervising the individual coach by two PMUs. Other than the nonsubjective map, the stairss are same. The new restraint map can be constructed as follows: ( 6 )D. Case 3: Zero InjectionZero injection coachs are the coachs from that no current is passed into the system. Zero injection correspond to the reassigning nodes in the system. If zero injection coachs are besides designed in the PMU arrangement job, the full figure of PMUs are farther minimized. See the undermentioned illustration for zero injection on six coach system where coach 2 is considered as the zero injection coach. Now, the restraint for zero injection coach can be written as follows, ( 7 ) From the above equation, it is identified that the coach 3 has maximum connectivity. Hence, PMU is placed on the coach for full system observability.IV. Performance AnalysisTo measure the public presentation of the proposed method, the optimum arrangement of PMU job is solved for IEEE criterion coach system and KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power systems. The KPTCL power coachs are shown in fig.6. The consequences of the proposed method for IEEE coach system is illustrated in table 2. Here, IEEE-6 coach, IEEE-7 coach, IEEE-9 coach, IEEE-14 coach, and IEEE-30 coach system are considered for rating. Table 2 provides consequences for the three instances of IEEE coach systems. We collect the information from the KPTCL 220 and 400 kilovolt power system. Here, the PMU arrangement is obtained merely for the instance 1 ( without PMU loss ) . Hence, we proposed an algorithm to obtain the PMU arrangement, which suits for all the three instances ( with loss, without loss, zero injection coach ) . Table 3 provides the entire figure of PMU arrangement collected from the KPTCL. Whereas table 4 provides the proposed consequence for the given power system. The proposed method consequences for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach system in all the three instances.V. Conclusion and Future WorkIn this paper, a PSO based bunch formation algorithm is proposed to work out the optimum PMU arrangement job.

Eye Contact

Most of us would not readily think that eye contact had anything to do with language, or a person’s culture. While researching a topic for this paper I came across an article on cultural differences that contained a section about eye contact. I found it to be very telling, as to the reasons for either the lack of, or the reasons for eye contact. The article of reference is â€Å"Cultural Differences? Or, Are we really that different? † ( Gregorio Billikoph). This article discusses the differences in cultures, or the different ways in which these cultures relate to others, and how some words or expressions may not make sense to another culture. One example of this is using the phrase â€Å"thank you†. In the U. S. , we thank everyone for just about everything we do, but in the Chinese culture, for example, will only thank someone if the task being preformed is something very important. Although this article touches on a variety of cultural differences, I found the idea of eye contact very interesting. In this article the writer, who is of Hispanic origin, talks about his own strong need for eye contact. He explains that his wife has come to realize that when he is talking to her, she needs to stop what she is doing and make eye contact with him, or he will stop talking until she does. He goes on to say that poor eye contact is â€Å"partially due to shyness or how sake a person feels around others† (pg 5). As I stated in the beginning, eye contact may not seem to be part of our language. On this I would have to disagree, because I think without eye contact, communication is very difficult. Consider this; you are having a conversation with someone who speaks English only as a second language, and has some difficulty with some phrases. While talking to this person, he or she is looking anywhere but at you, do you think this person fully understands what you are saying, or are they feeling embarrassed because they are having difficulty understanding you? If you and this person were talking and maintaining eye contact, you would be able to see by your companion’s expressions whether or not you were being understood. There are of course other reasons for lack of eye contact. Some may feel that they are inferior to you, or they may be shy or withdrawn. I have been in situations where eye contact made me very uncomfortable. For me, there are those whose eye contact is so intense, I am forced to look away for a bit because it makes me feel violated, like they are looking too deep into me. Then there are those times when talking to a man, where I feel they are trying to attract my attention to them for different reasons I am not interested in. I believe that eye contact is important, but it seems to me that times have changed in that area to some extent. Why? Again it comes down to how your eye contact is perceived. I have been in situations when talking to someone of the opposite sex, and their wife or girlfriend gets the idea that I am interested in their man because of eye contact. I also had the issue with my ex-husband. He did not like me talking to other men period, because he felt that my eye contact with them meant that I was interested in them. It is very difficult to avoid all eye contact when talking to others, so I was always uncomfortable talking to men when in the presence of my ex- husband. I think that when it comes to eye contact in any culture. Or when dealing with anyone in general, we need to be aware of how that eye contact will be perceived by others. We all need to educate ourselves as much as possible, regarding cultural differences in order to help avoid some of the negative effects our actions could cause.

How and Why did Islam spread so quickly Essay

In 610 C.E., a local merchant named Muhammad completely changed all of Middle East through the religion of Islam. He fled to Mecca, in a cave where he was given the words of Allah and by this, introducing the religion. Overtime, the religion continued to attract new followers, which leads to question- how and why did Islam spread so quickly? Three of the reasons to how this happened were due to trade, the message passed on from God and the conquest of land. All of Islam Empire, including the Byzantine Empire and Persian Empire had set up trade routes throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Everyone came to Mecca to trade since it was wealthy and very important at this time. Through trading, this brought inventions and ideas. People from different cultures came to trade and got ideas of the Islam religion, then spreading it to their people because they liked the idea that it was one God and how the way of life was under this religion. Muslim merchants would travel to the trading destinations, which would allow exposure to the religion within other countries as well. Other trade routes led to the Silk Road to China and India, East Africa and Spain. These countries would then, most likely, have converted to Islam. Overall, trading played a huge role in the spreading of Islam. In addition to how Islam spread quickly was through the message of God. In the Qur’an, it shows the expectancies for what Muslims would have to follow by. One of the verse states, â€Å"But the believers who do good works, both men and women, shall enter Paradise. They shall not suffer the least injustice.† (4:124 Doc B) This means if you do the right things, then you would be granted. Another verse states, â€Å"Permission to take up arms is hereby given to those who are attacked, because they have been wronged. God has no power to grant them victory.† (22:39 Doc B) Meaning, you cannot fight unless attacked first. Along with the expectancies, you have to follow the practices of the Five Pillars of Islam. Including, confession of faith, prayers 5 times per day (facing Mecca), charity to the needy, fasting during the month-long Ramadan and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s  lifetime, also known as the Hajj. In The Ordinances of Government, caliphs have to follow the duties. One of the duties was, â€Å"to maintain the religion according to established principles and the consensus of the first generation of Muslims.† (Doc E) These messages of God have helped to unify Muslim beliefs and practices and spreading many inventions and ideas throughout the world due to Islam. The last reason to how Islam spread quickly was through conquest. From 622-750 C.E., after Muhammad’s death, all of the Arabian Peninsula, China, India, Middle East, and Africa were under Muslim control. This was ruled by the next four caliphs, and were known as the â€Å"rightly-guided† and their rule as a caliphate. Relating back to verse 22.39 where it states that Muslims are not allowed to fight until attacked, this shows that they followed the Qur’an while conquering these lands. The reason why Arabs were able to conquer much of Persia and parts of Byzantine was because Muslim armies were too strong and The Persian and Byzantine armies were weak after years of fighting. Overtime, many cultures that were introduced to the Muslim Empire converted to Islam because of Islam’s message of equality and hope of salvation that they would receive by becoming Muslims. Many cultures have gotten ideas of the religion of Islam through different reasons. Three of which were due to trade, the message of God, and the conquering of lands. Through trade, his followers passed on the ideas to other different cultures. The messages of God were how much of an impact it made on the people to convert to Islam. And lastly, conquest- this shows that they conquered the lands even by following the guidance of religion. Although Muhammad’s death left his people hanging, the message that he left behind from God has made such a huge impact to the world, mostly Muslims.