Carbon Price Mechanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Carbon Price Mechanism - Essay Example The main goal of this essay is to comprehend the importance of this plan to the household economies and forecast the impacts of its implementation on these economies from the consumer behaviour perspective. It is crucial to overview main features of the proposed program before going into the discussion on its impacts. This program involves four major areas including the energy consumption, carbon price mechanism, increasing the efficiency of the energy consumption units and the management of the energy resources. The focus of this essay will be the mechanism for carbon price that has direct effects on the household economies and patterns of consumption of energy. This mechanism accompanies a list of various measures to explain its expected consequences on the business and households and methods for reducing the harmful effects by providing assistance in the form of increased cash payments and the reduction of taxes. Beyza reported that changes in the prices and income impacted the consumer behaviour, the proposed plan suggest two phase strategy for the implementation of carbon price mechanism. The first will continue for three years and during these years the carbon prices will remain fixed for at different levels for each year. For the first year the prices will be set at $ 23, for the second year the price will remain at $ 24.5 and during third year it will be increased further and will be fixed at $ 25.4. It shows that the prices will continuously increase during the first three years. The second phase is referred as the flexibility phase in which the prices remains flexible and will be determined with the help of emission trading scheme. The government will issue permits for the certain amount of carbon emission to various industries and the fees obtained from these permits will be used for the assistance of the household, small scale industries and for the promotion of alternate sources of energy which involve less carbon emission. Deborah (2010) described that the carbon price mechanism and assistance program by the government will have a combined impact on the household economies. The impact of both these factors on the economy of the household is explained below. Q. 1: What is the effect of rising energy prices for the economic wellbeing of households? Household is responsible for loads of carbon emission by consuming conventional sources of energy in large amounts. The economic reform program introduced by Austrian government aims to control the emission of carbon, change the energy consumption patterns of the

Joe Keller Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Joe Keller Character Analysis - Essay Example In the play’s plot, there exists other characters who play significant roles in the story’s development, characters who will help in expounding on this papers thesis that revolves around dynamism and static nature. This paper will look in depth at the dynamic character of Chris, who is the son to Joe and Katie. Chris is a dynamic person because of his anticipation to see change, his romantic relationship with Kate and because of his heroism in the war. Chris Keller was a soldier who found his way home after the war and was disturbed by what he saw when he came back. He was principally troubled by the fact that the world and in specificity his parents’ home and neighborhood was unperturbed regardless of the war ordeals. He is naturally dynamic because of his anticipation to see change as a result of the war in which he had fought hard to survive. Chris is portrayed as a man who had succumbed to change as a result of the war in which he had observed some of his col leagues fight do hard but eventually died. â€Å"We used to shoot a man who acted like a dog, but honor was real there ...But here? This is the land of the great big dogs, you don't love a man here, and you eat him. That's the principle; the only one we live by - it just happened to kill a few people this time, that's all. The world's that way...† (Andrew 167). ... Chris Keller is a dynamic person on the basis of his romantic relationship to Ann, who is a former girlfriend to Chris’ brother, Larry. In the beginning Chris and Ann had fallen in love as they used to write letters to each other. Chris even requested her to come to his home to propose marriage. Chris is a dynamic character because at first he wanted to be with Ann, but at the end of the play he no longer wants her, and this is illustrated in the conversation they have close to the end of the play. The conversation goes like â€Å"Ann: I am coming with you†¦Chris: No, Ann, I can’t make that†¦ Ann: I do not ask you to do anything about Joe. I swear I never will; Chris: Yes, you do. In you hart you always will.† Chris did not want to be with her anymore because he started thinking that she is going to look at him like in his dad. In the beginning he believed in honest of his father and at the end he changed his mind. At the end of the play, we find Chris to be a person who came to be devastated after learning of his father’s deceit and outright lies in the case of selling damaged cylinder heads to the American Air force fighting in World War two. For three years, Joe had lied about his involvement in the sale of the damaged cylinder heads and entirely blamed his business associate Steve Deever of the sub-standard products. Steve was found blameworthy and incarcerated whereas Gorge was set free. Fate would play its role when Steve’s son, George pays visits him (Steve) in jail. George learns from his father how Joe had set him up whereas he was innocent. The enraged George finds his way to Joe’s family house to face him and his family about his deceitful actions. It is in this scenario that

A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor Essay Example for Free

A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor Essay The title A Good Man Is Hard to Find gives you the impression that someone is looking for a partner. When in reality, the title is actually explaining the moral of the story. Every character has their bad points, even the seemingly innocent children. From the Misfits, to the entire family, everyone was disrespectful and just plain rude. In some families it would be considered a mortal sin to be rude to elders. Unfortunately this family seems to get a kick out of being cruel to their poor grandmother. The Misfits are a different story entirely, because they know nothing better than cruelty. The Grandmother wasnt perfect herself, but she did have it a little rough. Starting things off the Grandmother was the most mistreated elder I have ever seen. Even despite the fact most of the stuff that came out of her mouth was false or an elaboration. She was an un-trusted old lady whose family couldnt wait to get rid of her. Someone whose words were constantly falling on deaf ears would get dramatic for attention, which is precisely what Grandmother did. This woman would stretch stories for her own benefit, which led to the familys untimely death. Constantly fighting for her way, she felt it necessary to hide the cat in a basket. This also explains lying about the secret panel, which was enough to amuse the children. If she didnt have clever ways to get her thoughts across, she would be completely ignored. The parents have been setting the wrong example for their children by disrespecting Grandmother. When the car flipped the Grandmother feared her sons hostility. She was immediately guilt ridden and made herself look as vulnerable as possible. Her family had every right to be upset with her and she knew it. The family, used to hearing her ridiculous stories and demands, has grown accustom to ignoring her. They make it obvious that shes not wanted in the family. Even the children are rude and disrespectful, obviously following the example of their parents. Her son glares at her for making pleasant conversation, and his wife doesnt allow her to listen to the music she chooses. Her own granddaughter was filled with contempt when she found out  that Grandmother had indeed survived the car wreck. So fits the title that A Good Man Is Hard to Find, you cant find one in this story. Now with the entire family burning holes on poor Grandmother with their eyes, you dont think it could get any worse for her. Here arrive the Misfits. This appears to be a homely bunch of rejects or rebels, knowing nothing more than raising hell. They ride up carrying their guns, making the family realize their predicament just got a whole lot worse. The Grandmother recognizes them at once and begins to beg for mercy. All the while, theyre killing her unloving family off one by one. The old lady is persistent and continues encouraging the Misfit to pray, and become a good man. They converse for a while, and he begins to explain why hes up to no good. He opens up to her, and she realizes he just doesnt know any better. Grandmother is obviously distraught but she keeps at him. There is finally a glimmer of hope in the mans face, he apparently wishes for a better life. When Grandmother reaches out to comfort him, to pull that good man out of him, BAM! He retaliates to her kindness with a wave of bullets. She would have been a good woman if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life. This man only knows how to kill kindness. He is simply stating what would have given them pleasure. The very next thing he says Its no real pleasure in life. This statement proves that he learned something from that old woman. He realizes what theyve been killing all along. So her death wasnt meaningless she finally got her point across to someone, someone finally listened to what she had to say, and was actually affected by it. So she died a happy woman, with a nice smile on her face, killed by her own kindness.

Education in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Education in Pakistan Essay Education in Pakistan is overseen by the governments Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and in the financing of research. The article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years. â€Å"The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law†. [3] The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high(grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate or SSC); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate or HSC); and university programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees. [4] The literacy rate ranges from 87% in Islamabad to 20% in the Kohlu District. [5] Between 2000—2004, Pakistanis in the age group 55–64 had a literacy rate of almost 30%, those aged between 45–54 had a literacy rate of nearly 40%, those between 25–34 had a literacy rate of 50%, and those aged 15–24 had a literacy rate of 60%. [6] Literacy rates vary regionally, particularly by sex. In tribal areas female literacy is 7. 5%. [7]Moreover, English is fast spreading in Pakistan, with 18 million Pakistanis[8] (11% of the population)[8] having a command over the English language, which makes it the 9th Largest English Speaking Nation[9] in the world and the 3rd largest in Asia. [8] On top of that, Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates and 10,000 computer science graduates per year. [10] Despite these statistics, Pakistan still has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the world. [11] Education Expenditure as Percentage of GDP Public expenditure on education lies on the fringes of 2 percent of GDP. However, the government recently approved the new national education policy, which stipulates that education expenditure will be increased to 7% of GDP,[22] an idea that was first suggested by the Punjab government. [23] Author of an article, which reviews the history of education spending in Pakistan since 1972, argues that this policy target raises a fundamental question: What extraordinary things are going to happen that would enable Pakistan to achieve within six years what it has been unable to lay a hand on in the past six decades? The policy document is blank on this question and does not discuss the assumptions that form the basis of this target. Calculations of the author show that during the past 37 years, the highest public expenditure on education was 2. 80 percent of GDP in 1987-88. Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was actually reduced in 16 years and maintained in 5 years between 1972–73 and 2008-09. Thus, out of total 37 years since 1972, public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP either decreased or remained stagnant for 21 years. The author argues if linear trend were maintained since 1972, Pakistan could have touched 4 percent of GDP well before 2015. However, it is unlikely to happen because the levels of spending have had remained significantly unpredictable and unsteady in the past. Given this disappointing trajectory, increasing public expenditure on education to 7 percent of GDP would be nothing less than a miracle but it is not going to be of godly nature. Instead, it is going to be the one of political nature because it has to be invented by those who are at the helm of affairs. The author suggests that little success can be made unless Pakistan adopts an unconventional approach to education. That is to say, education sector should be treated as a special sector by immunizing budgetary allocations for it from fiscal stresses and political and economic instabilities. Allocations for education should not be affected by squeezed fiscal space or surge in military expenditure or debts. At the same time, there is a need to debate others options about how Pakistan can invent the miracle of raising education expenditure to 7 percent of GDP by 2015. [24]

Comparing and Contrasting the poems The Seduction and Cousin Kate :: English Literature

Comparing and Contrasting the poems The Seduction and Cousin Kate. In this Essay I am going to be comparing and contrasting the poems â€Å"The Seduction† by Eileen McAuley and â€Å"Cousin Kate† by Christina Rosetti. I will also be analysing them using quotations to support what I’ve been saying. One poem was written in the nineteenth century and the other was written near the end of the 1900’s. This is just one of the differences I will be discussing in the following essay. I am going to begin with â€Å"The Seduction.† This poem is about a teenage girl who goes to a party. She meets a boy and starts falling head over heals in love with him because she is unable to see he is misleading her. She can’t understand that when he takes her to the docks he is only interested in sex and not her. He departs after he has got what wanted, leaving her pregnant. She is then left to face the scorn of her neighbourhood and realise she has been betrayed by the fake reality of her teenage magazines. In the first stanza of the poem, there are quotations such as â€Å"quiet bricks† and â€Å"Far past the silver stream of traffic† which show us a quiet place where people won’t see what the couple are about to do. â€Å"Blind Windows† is and example of personification which tells us about the neighbourhood’s view. They don’t want to see the problem of underage sex which the word â€Å"Blind† articulates. In general this paragraph is using beautiful words like â€Å"silver†, â€Å"morning† and â€Å"quiet† to contrast with the dull and bleak events about to unfold. Stanza two and three show how the boy is pushing the girl into this while she is unawares. An important quotation is â€Å"fumbled in a bag†. This shows that the boy is an inexpert lover. â€Å"His leather jacket creaked madly† could be connected with the last quotation. This shows that maybe he is seen as a bad boy and is only sleeping with the girl to uphold his reputation. Even if this is not the case, you can tell that he has no feelings for the girl when the poem goes onto say â€Å"he muttered little slag†. Next the poem tells us about the circumstances on which the couple met – at a party. It is at this point that the vital words â€Å"quite enchanted† and â€Å"her eyes were wide and bright† show us just how naà ¯ve the girl is. She is easily guided. Another important piece of evidence is when the boy states â€Å"eating me dinner†. The boy’s words tell us he is of a local working class background

Thomas King :: Biography, Author

THOMAS KING - WRITER Thomas King is a multi-talented and accomplished writer who expresses concerns of Aboriginal people through literature. He was born in 1943 in Sacramento California to a Cherokee father and a German and Greek mother and grew up in Sacramento. In 1980, King moved to Canada with his nine-year old son and lived in Alberta for about ten years. He returned briefly to the United States in 1986 to receive his PhD in English Literature at the University of Utah, but is now a Canadian citizen and resides in Guelph, Ontario. King is a writer by trade, but has also had an extensive teaching career. He worked as a Professor of Native Studies at the University of Lethbridge, in Alberta, and was also the Chair of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota. He currently teaches Native literature and creative writing at the University of Guelph in southern Ontario. King has written three novels; Medicine River (1990), which was made into a CBC-TV movie, Green Grass, Running Water (1992), and Truth and Bright Water (1997). Green Grass, Running Water was nominated for the Governor General's award for literature in 1992. He received a second nomination for the same award the following year for his children's book A Coyote Columbus Story. King published a collection of his short stories called, One Good Story, That One, in 1993. His essays, poems and other writings have appeared in many magazines, including the "The Hungry Mind Review", and "World Literature in English". King has also edited collections of Native short stories for various publications across the country and created a book of photographs of Aboriginal artists.

How My English Has Improved Essay

The importance of taking English to me is that I that I learned how to read, write and understand different word concepts. This year in 10th grade English class, my reading skills have improved and Essay/paragraph writing has improved also. In my 9th grade English class, when reading books/novels, my understanding of the story didn’t always connect. Now in 10th grade I find it easier to understand the stories. Over the course of taking English 10, I have learned to take my time when reading and not rush. I also learned when writing, I need to recheck my sentences to say what I mean. Night by Elie Wiesel and Athletic shorts By Chris Crutcher should be taught again in English 10 because the story in Night is inspirational and shows people character and ties to family. Athletic shorts was different because it was not just 1 story, there was six different short stories that had variety but together they showed how people can get through conflicts or tough times. Reading this book and stories, has helped my reading skills to improve because they made me curious to know what would happen at the end of the story. I think the more I read, the better reader I become. The Emotional Poem and Book Club Project/During Reading Assignment were the challenging aspect of writing for me. The Emotional Poems were hard because words sometimes cannot really tell your feelings. The Book Cub Project was challenging because I found it difficult to find six songs with meanings that were similar to the book, Before We were Free. The meanings of the songs that I picked seemed too specific and not general enough to fit the story. As a result, I would advise new students in English 10 to be prepared to not give up, to try to be creative and ask you teacher for help. Practice with Working with a partner and Working with a group of other students benefited me because working with one partner gives you the chance to talk one to one and you can get more time to learn more information from that one person. When working with a group of people, there are more views but on the other hand, it is hard to speak up to have your view heard. I think this type of work has helped me with friends and may help my communication skills for future jobs. As a result, I think my listening and speaking skills have improved slightly because feel like I participated more in class this year than other years. My experiences in English this year, from Night, have helped me to understand the good theme of family helping each other and the bad theme of cruelty towards other humans. Both Elie and his father help each other at the concentration camps by sharing food and water. Elie also motivated his father when they had to move to another camp to keep going in severely cold weather with no shoes and very little food. The cruelty towards other people made it hard for Elie and for myself to understand how God could let this happen. As a result, I now believe that it is important for family to help and motivate each other. I also believe that if actions towards other people are truly wrong and cruel, that everyone should try to stop this. At the end of English10, I find it easier to understand the stories that we read. I also found that organizing my thoughts and ideas was harder in the beginning of the year, but now it is easier when I try to have a rough draft of ideas and then re-organize the rough draft . I do think that there were many homework assignment that I should have completed and did not. I have learned that even if something does not interest me, I should still do this work and try to learn something from it. The most important lesson that I got from English this year is that I should do ALL of my work and not just what I feel like doing. My goal for next year is to do ALL of my English homework so I can hope to learn all of things that are need for next year. I will obtain this goal by listening to my teacher when she gives assignments and by bringing ALL of my papers and books home to work on these assignments.

Teachers Behavioral Attitude and Its Effect on Students Academic Performance

Section 1 1. 0 Introduction Learning is a lifetime process. Continues learning equips one as a student with a larger mastery of knowledge, a broader understanding of facts, a larger repository of wisdom, and a better insight on life that will make better individual responsible and upright human beings. On process of learning, students or learner is the center of education. Studying their different aspects of a student and their ways on attaining such goals will be of great impotance. As such, the extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning. It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If a learner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned a lot while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be definitely pointed out as predicting grades. It has been interplay of so many factors – gender, daily allowance, social status, time and interest. In fact, almost all of existing environmental and personal factors are a variable of academic performance. Measuring of academic performance of students is challenging since student performance is a product of socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors. However, base on Bradley's (1978) hypothesis that the individual are motivated to take credit for their successes and to deny responsibility for their failures in order to protect or enhance their self-esteem. Hence Bradley notes that students’ rating is a function of both their attitude and the interaction between them and their teachers. This may be in the sense as suggested by Meighan (1978) that the students perceived teaching as more important than learning and teachers' activity as more central than pupils'. This of course contradicts the official rhetoric of educational writing and debate that makes the claims for the pupils' welfare as the central focus, Meicghan argues further(Meighan 1978,86). Goos (1982) also found out that many students over the years develop a negative attitude not only to school and subject materials, but also to teachers in general. Such students often find it difficult to relate to teachers and more often they attribute many of their difficulties to â€Å"poor teaching† and â€Å"rotten Instructors† (Goos 1982,121). Base on the above assertions, this study therefore aims at finding the factors, which are responsible for student’s inelastic behavior towards study along with identifying those factors, which help a student to make progress in his studies with specific emphasis on teachers’ behavioral attitudes as it affects students’ academic performance. . 1 statement of problem On attaining Independence status as a nation in 1960 what seemed a major concern to most Nigerian leaders then was how education would be accessible to all citizens of the newly created nation. Education was seen as the necessary instrument immediately and essentially for the consolidation of the independence, for securing the new nation against neocolonialism and for making workable the newly establishe d self government in a multi-ethnic society. Mass education, at least to the level of literacy, was also seen by the Nigerian leaders to be necessary to create a proper foundation for a democratic government (Best, 1984) The desire to use education for nation building was (and is still) very compelling and so much was the faith in education that the schools of the nation were not only meant for political socialization but also for other social functions like education and for economic growth. Despite the commendable motives which seemed to justify the very â€Å"high cost of the expanded education programmed of the late Nigeria, most Command schools in Nigeria are not really effective engines for the diverse functions for which they are set up. The performance of the schools as attested to by the academic performances of the students especially at the secondary school level have been rather very disappointing. The situation actually tends towards threatening the future of the schools. Apart from command schools, the reports of the many studies and surveys (for example, the 1980-1984 Statistics of Education by the Federal Ministry of Education, Lagos report published in the Times Publication (Nigeria) of September 15, 2006 and the one in the Nigerian Guardian of February 2, 2009) and the many recent editorials in many Nigerian dairy newspapers all point to the academic performances of Nigerian secondary school students which have been on the decline for some times now. This declining trend has become a concern for the researcher. As a matter of fact many soldiers living in the Barracks would rather prefer to enroll their children in to civilian schools than to send them to command schools at a relatively cheaper rate. The failure of command schools is thus indicating that the health and the well-being of the future of these schools may be in jeopardy. It therefore becomes a concern to the researcher as to the reason why students’ performance have been in continuous decline despite the improvements and advances learning facilities that are now available in our age. Although the researcher may not be able to cover a larger portion of the subject matter’ he however hopes that this study will expose him to a larger scope for future research. 1. 2purpose of study During the past several years a number of valuable studies have been added to existing body of knowledge developing various models to assess the student performance however most of the studies relied on the advanced developed societies as their setting. This study therefore aims at 1. Determining the factors that affect the academic performance of secondary school student specifically in our context and particularly in Command secondary schools. 2. Determining the effects of teachers’ behavioral attitude on academic performance of students. 3. Determine to prefer possible ways in which students’ academic performance can be improved through a healthy teacher-student relationship. 4. And finally to quantify the relationship between the different factors that are considered responsible or affecting the students’ performance and also providing bases for further researches regarding student performance. . 3scope of study This study focuses on investigating teachers' behavioral attitude and its effects on students’ academic performance. The scope of this work will be limited to three command secondary schools in Lagos. A survey will be conducted to collect information and responses of students, and teachers regarding factors affecting their p erformance. However it should be understood that the researchers would not by any means try to cover all the ariables that can influenced students’ academic performance hence the focus is on investigating teachers’ behavioral attitudes and how it can affect the education and performance of students according to needs and requirements. Literatures will also be reviewed on different factors that are expected to influence the student performance. 1. 4Significance The major contribution of this study lies in the demonstration of a large impact of the role of teachers on students’ performance. The researcher also believes that by focusing on different factors that influence students' performance, this will help teachers to improve on students’ academic performance by creating a healthy students-teachers relationship This study will also act as an antidote for the researcher who hopes to be a lecturer in command schools in future hence it will guide him on how to develop his character so as to make relevant impact on the students whom he will be opportune to teach. It will also serve as an addition to existing literatures in the library 1. 5Limitation of Studies As it is often said, â€Å"there is no perfect research† so it may likely be with this research work. It is important to note that there are several factors that can affect a students’ academic performance. To embark on such a scope of work is still beyond the researcher’s capacity at this level hence only a single factor among the numerous factors that affects students academic performance will be researched into. Base on this the researcher will have to recommend other areas for other people to research into or may have to further research into them in the future. It is also possible that some of the factors that have received significant attention in existing literatures will prove to be only weakly related to student performance in this study. Section 2 2. 0 Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction Education is the most essential factor and the pride of every nation. As such the future of any country is greatly determined by the quality of its educational sector. But it is rather unfortunate that the educational system of Nigeria today seem to have been just a caricature of what it ought to be. This has been blamed on a number of factors such as poor instructional strategies by the teachers. That is, the students probably perceived teachers' instructional strategies or generally the teacher-pupil relationship or inter action through the medium of instruction more importantly for their academic success than any other school-related factor presented to them. The emotional climate for learning provided by the teacher whether in the attitude or considered by the student will be more highly valued than any other factor in the school which may have effect on the academic achievement. Hence the researcher will in this chapter review literatures on factors that affect students performance. 2. 2 Students-Teachers Relationship and effects on Academic Performance All of the research reviews support the hypothesis that student performance depends on different socio-economic, psychological, environmental factors. The findings of research studies focused that student performance is affected by different factors such as learning abilities because new paradigm about learning assumes that all students can and should learn at higher levels but it should not be considered as constraint because there are other factors like race, gender, sex that can affect student’s performance. (Hansen, Joe 2000). Some of the authors even tried to explain the link between students achievements, economic circumstances and the risk of becoming a drop-out that proved to be positive (Goldman, N. Haney, W. , and Koffler, McDill, E. , 1989, Levin, H. , 1986) B. A Chansarkar and A. Mishaeloudis (2001), explained the effects of age, qualification distance from learning place etc. on student performance. On the contrary, Yvonne argue that the performance of students on the module is not affected by such factors as age, sex and place of residence but is associated with qualification in quantitative subjects. It is als o found that those who live near the school perform better than other students. Yvonne Beaumont Walters, kola soyibo,(1998) further elaborated that student performance is very much dependent on socio economic back ground as per their statement, High school students’ level of performance is with statistically significant differences, linked to their gender, grade level, school location, school type, student type and socio-economic background. Kirby, Winston et al. (2002) focused on student’s impatience (his time-discount behavior) that influences his own academic performance. Goethe found out that weak students do better when grouped with other weak students. As implied by Zajonc’s analysis of older siblings (1976,27) it shows that students’ performance improves if they are with the students of their own kind. There are often different results by gender, (Hoxby’2000, 96). Sacerdote (2001) finds that grades are higher when students have unusually academically strong room-mates. The results of Zimmerman (1999, 2001) were somewhat contradictory to Goethe idea but again it proved that students performance depends on number of different factors, it says that weak peers might reduce the grades of middling or strong students. (Alexander, Gur et al. 974; Fraser, Beamn et al. 1977) explained that some of the practices adopted by college administration in higher education like residential colleges or organized study groups also help to increases performance. Keeping in view all of the variables discussed by authors one discovers that they are just uncountable factors and projections that have been made regarding students academic performance. Again Maclean's (1966) claim is consisted with this view in the statement that poor teaching methods and too much emphasis on unrealistic curricular objectives and contents may cause emotional block to learning. . 3 School Characteristics that Affects Students Academic Performance School-related characteristics which seem to have been ranked more highly than any other, is inade quate resource materials for teaching. Although this group of characteristics was ranked as number one by the many authors this nevertheless is an indication that the respondents of this study perceived this group of characteristics as the one that affect pupil academic performance the most. Inadequate resource materials for teaching are indeed a major problem in Nigeria. A Nigerian Times Publication of September 15, 1990 reported findings of a research commissioned by the World Bank and the British Overseas Development Administration stating that many institutions in Nigeria do not make available to school pupils textbooks, appropriate reading materials, library and laboratory facilities. The perception of a situation of this nature as having the most effect on pupil academic performance or as responsible for the high rate of academic failures among students is supported by Maclean's (1966, 32) who claim that difficulties expressed by failing students may be due to lack of material information for learning. A supposedly learning environment devoid of necessary learning materials will definitely result into learning difficulty and hence failure by the learner. Section 3 3. 0 Methodology 3. 1Introduction In this chapter the researcher will present the method that will be used in the course of this work. Amongst which is the population, sampling, procedure, validity, methods of data analysis and the administration of instruments. The researcher will use the descriptive method to gather data on how the behavioral attitude of teachers can affects the academic performance of students. To achieve his goal, the researcher will employ both the primary and secondary methods of data collection. For the primary method, questionnaires will be developed and distributed amongst teachers and students of three selected school in the army command secondary schools. Meanwhile, the secondary method of data collection will be based on review of literature in the libraries. Views of various authors will be examined and analyzed so as to understand their opinions on the subject matter. 3. 2 Research Instruments In order to sample the opinions of the targeted audience, the researcher will employ the primary method of data collection. Interview questions will be framed and questionnaires designed by the researcher and modified by the supervisor to sort the desired goal. A total of 120 questionnaires will be designed to sample the opinions of respondents. The questionnaires will be distributed in equal proportion to both teachers and students of the three selected command secondary schools in Lagos. Meanwhile the oral interview will be conducted only among the principles of these schools. 3. 3 Research Designs The questionnaires will be divided into three major parts. The first part will aim at collecting personal data of the respondents. The second part will contain major questions demanding for the respondents’ opinions on the subject matter. The questionnaire will comprise both structured and unstructured questions. The unstructured (open-ended) questions will enable the respondents to freely express their own opinions without being guided by anyone. 3. 4Administration of the Instrument Being a soldier who has lived and served in some of these schools, the researcher has obtained permission from the authorities that are to carry out this research work in command secondary schools. The principles of these schools and some teachers have also promise to give their maximum support to enable the researcher achieve his goal hence; the researcher will personally with the assistance of the principles administer the questionnaires to the respondents. 3. 5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument. To ensure the authenticity and credibility of the instruments, the researcher with the assistance of the supervisor will carefully and designed the instrument so as to enable the respondents to express their minds without biases. 3. 6 Population of Study The population of study in this work will constitute of three selected ommand secondary schools in Lagos among who are students, teachers, and the principles. It this these group of person whose opinions will be sample in this work. 3. 7 Population Sampling The researcher will target one hundred and twenty (120) persons from the three selected schools. Out of the total population, the researcher will sample the opinions of t en(10) teachers including the principal of each of the schools. Meanwhile the rest of the questionnaires will be served only to final class students of the schools- thirty (30) questionnaires to each class of the three schools. The researcher believes that these classes of persons are mature enough and so will be able to respond to the questions wisely. REFERENCES Bacharach, S. B. Bauer, 1986. The work, environment and the school. Teachers College Record. USA Winner Press. Best, J. H. 1984 Reforming America's schools: the high risks of failure. USA. Teachers College Bradley, G. W. 1978. Self-serving biases in the attribution process: a re-examination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Chansarkar B. A. and A. Michaeloudis 2001. Student profiles and factors affecting performance New Jessie math. educ. sci. technol. Int. Gordon c. Winston, David 2000. Student Performance and Student Growth as measure of success: New Orleans, Louisiana. The American Educational Research Association, Little, L. F. and Thompson, R. 1983. Truancy: how parents and teachers contribute. ________ Lockheed, M. E. and Komenan, A. 1989. Teaching quality and student achievement in Africa: the case of Nigeria and Swaziland. Nigeria. Emann Press Ltd MacLean, I. C. 1966. Child Guidance and the School. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Marsh, H. W, 1985. Self-serving effect (bias? ) in academic attribution: its relationship to academic achievement and self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology in Nigeria. Meighan, R. 1978. A pupils' eye view of teaching performance. Educational Review. Nigeria. National Open University. Okebukola, P. A. and Jegede, O. J. 1989. Determinants of occupational stress among teachers in Nigeria. Ilorin. Educational Studies Dpt Reinhart, M. H. 1976. Children -in conflict: education strategies for the emotionally disturbed and behaviourally disordered child. Mosby, St. Louis. Sacerdote, Bruce. 2001. Peer effects with random assignment: results for dartmouth roommates The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol12 Rowe, K. J. and Sykes, J. 1959. The impact of professional development on teachers self conception. Teaching and Teacher Education. Kenya. Max Inc. Thompson, S. and Standfort, D. (1975). Student attendance and absenteeism. The Practioner Wehlace, G. G. and Rutter, R. A. 1985 . Dropping out: how much do school contribute to the problem. Teachers College Record. U. S. A. Boxter Press

Objectives of the Various Database Marketing Essay

When its competitors entered new markets with advantages of innovation and lower cost during the 1990s, Harrah’s capped the business growth. However, the company rather chose to make use of an existing advantage – customer loyalty, instead attempting to create new resources. A marketing database contains information about individual customers or potential customers that is relevant to the marketing process. DBM is an important tool to build up customer relationship and increase the loyalty. To strengthen the loyalty competency, requiresd Harrah’s to process sophisticated database analysis of customer profiles, so that the company could market the right customers with right ways, in order to attract repeated visits and retain the loyalty (See Appendix A and B). Harrah’s used the data base in three programs – new business program, loyalty program, and retention program – to build up the customer relationship and strengthen the loyalty. Another objective of DBM is to predict consumer behavior and â€Å"customer worth†. Customer profiles provide information about customers’ play preferences, betting patterns, how often they visit, how much they play, etc. After retrieving detailed information from every customer, Harrah’s could predict potential customer playing behavior at all of its properties through quantitative models. After the models identified some opportunity-based customer segments for rationalized reinvestment, Harrah’s sent customized incentives to these customers, seeking relationships with them based on their future worth, rather than on their past behaviors. One more important objective of DBM is to track customers over time and conduct some â€Å"marketing experiments†, so that Harrah’s can find the right marketing instrument, for the right behavior modification, for the right customer. When Harrah’s issues special promotions, it needs to know which kind of promotion is the most effective at the lowest cost. For example, through marketing experiments, Harrah’s found that a less attractive offer was more profitable, and the return of a portion of customer’s bet was unnecessary. Through the DMB program, Harrah’s could gain a better understanding of customers to increase customer satisfaction and achieve organization’s objective at a profit level.

Women Role in Christianity and Islam

A Christian Woman is a woman who loves God more than herself. She is a woman who prays for her family, her church, her government and her country. She is a woman who reads God's Word and puts Him first in her life. From the beginning of the early Christian church, starting with Jesus, women were important members of the movement. The examples of the manner of Jesus reveal his attitudes toward women and show repeatedly how he liberated and affirmed women. Both complementarians and egalitarians see Jesus as treating women with compassion, grace and dignity. 2] The gospels of the New Testament, especially Luke, often mention Jesus speaking to or helping women publicly and openly, contrary to the social norms of the time. Jesus had female followers who were his sponsors,[Lu 8:1-3] and he stopped to express concern for the women of Jerusalem on his way to be crucified,[Lu 23:26-31] while Mary Magdalene is recorded to be the first person to have the privilege of seeing Jesus after resurrec tion. [Mk 16:9] The role of women in Christianity today depends almost entirely upon the context in which women find themselves or choose to be involved in. More conservative Bible-believing women will tend their participation in church leadership etc. The modern womens rights movement has had a dramatic impact on the role of women in Christian churches. â€Å"Women in Christianity† is a vast and complex subject with multiple dimensions as Christianity is one of the largest religions in the world practiced in different societies and cultures around the world. When we deal with the subject of â€Å"Women in Christianity† we need to understand that Christianity as that exists today is a mix of different denominations with Catholics and Protestants being the principle denominations. Further it would be prudent to delve into the history of Christianity to understand the role of women in this religion. In early Christianity there was no separate roles prescribed for men and women and women were not distinguished separately from men. This was despite the fact that the society in West Asia at that time was highly patriarchal in nature. Women in Christianity: The early Christian prophets From West Asia, Christianity spread to ancient Greece and Rome which were purely patriarchal societies. In these societies women and children were hought of as assets or possessions held by the head of the family. Men and Women were distinguished separately in this kind of set up and women were generally considered inferior to men. During these times Christians believed that the world will end soon and Christ will come to earth for the second time. There were many women teachers and prophets in Christianity in those days who believed in this proposition and went their way in preachin g this doctrine. Women in Christianity: Wave of change in twentieth century Only in the twentieth century things started changing in Christianity. With the churches loosing much of their clout and power in the twentieth century, with democratic governments firmly established in many countries in Europe as well as in America and with religion getting separated from politics things started to change in a dramatic fashion in Christianity that was never thought about in the last two thousand years of the religion. It all started with the early feminist movements and peaked with the second wave of feminism from the period of 1960s. This period saw a profound change in the status of women in Christianity as a religion. Women's rights came in the forefront. Women in Christianity: Women's liberation movement The period of 1960s and thereafter can be considered as the beginning of the â€Å"women's liberation movement† in history which advocated social, cultural, political and religious equality of the gender. Though the women's liberation movement went full throttle in this period the patriarchal set up did not vanish as such and the concept of sexual dualism still existed. This concept not only viewed the differences between men and women in mere biological terms but it also ranked and applied values to these differences. For instance, men were considered to be more idealistic, spiritual, and psychic than women. On the other hand, women were thought to be more emotional, instinctive, and physical than men. This was a senario of absolute â€Å"gender stereotyping† and it existed from last two thousand years. It was only the women's movement in 1960s that challenged these kind of thinking to some affect. Women in Christianity: The religious right and the liberal feminist theological movement It is quite natural that the Religious Right criticizes feminists, who challenge the superiority of men. They in fact resist everything about the feminist movement. For example they even dislike the liberal welfare policies for women because under such policies, single mothers who need to raise their children and the economically destitute are assisted financially. The Religious Right view such assistance as preventing the establishment of traditional families. They also reject the relativism of human existence and therefore they are intolerant to other views, cultures and religions. They believe in the absolutism and purity of Christian values and tradition. For the religious right â€Å"Patriarchal Christianity† is the central core of all existence. Anything outside this central core has to be resisted and absolutely rejected. The changes that happened in the Christian society in the last two hundred years have also affected other cultures and religions in a profound manner. The feminist movement owes its roots to the Christian society and thanks to it feminism has become a global phenomenon today which advocates gender based equality and ending of all types of discriminations and bias against women. In fact the study of the role of â€Å"women in Christianity† transcends the spectrum of â€Å"religion† and gives us a broad perspective of the struggle of women from the last 200 years for a right to a dignified and meaningful life.

The coollink limited in nigeria Essays

The coollink limited in nigeria Essays The coollink limited in nigeria Essay The coollink limited in nigeria Essay INTRODUCTION Company Information Coollink limited is a subordinate of STEAM Broadcasting A ; Communications limited, Nigeria. Coollink is one of the celebrated and registered Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) based in Nigeria. Coollink clients are referred to as Clients and its services cuts across Nigeria in its entirety. Coollink s sell vsat equipments to its clients and besides offers after sale services depending on the understanding with each and every client. It s necessary to indicate out that Coollink has two groups of Clients which are: Cooperate organic structures that comprises, fiscal establishments, oil companies, insurance companies, higher establishment of acquisition, governmental organic structures who require vsat solutions ( ku set and hundred set ) Individual clients who require fixed wireless broadband for little office and place office ( SOHO ) For the intent of my work, I m will be concentrating on Consumer market and non concern market. Question 1: a. Market cleavage is the class of dividing a really big market into sections of different purchasers who will react to different merchandise and service offerings and market mixes. The formulated different sections are used as standards for merchandise targeting. In other words, there is need to understand that there are assorted clients with diverse demands and a market should non seek to delight all of them with the same offer. Research has farther confirmed organisations that target forte market tends promote its merchandise and services more successfully than a concern taking all the market. Mentioned below are some of the assorted attacks by which an organisation can section its merchandises and survives, and each of these attacks has different variables. Geographic: when market is segmented by assailing a peculiar part, province, clime, metropoliss, states or even vicinities. Demographic: market is segmented utilizing variables such as age, Income, Occupation, Education, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, Social category etc Gender, lodging type etc. Psychographic: the variables used here country activities, involvements, sentiments, attitudes, values, emotions, lifestyle amongst others. Behavioral: market is segmented with usage rate, user position, potency, benefits sought, trade name trueness, first-time, etc. The merchandise and service I would wish to concentrate on are the sale Vsat equipment and client attention service severally. Market cleavage with mention to Coollink can be seen under Geographical Segmentation and Behavioural Segmentation. These two were chosen after series of market researches. Geographical in the sense that Coollink has merely two base Stationss which imply it can merely offer services to prospective clients within those peculiar localities. Behavioural on the other manus is built-in in both single and cooperate clients, because the fact remains non all places, offices and cooperate organic structures in Nigeria of today can afford the charges that comes with cyberspace services. The few that has cyberspace services do so because of their societal category, Clients that appreciate what they will profit from utilizing cyberspace services all over i.e. In other words, there is a impulsive force. Below are some of the grounds ( benefits ) amongst others why Coollink has chosen to section its market It helps to place which market it wants to function since it acknowledges that there are assorted consumer with different features that defines them, It helps to acknowledge what each and every Clients demands are, in order to proffer better solutions since client demands differ, It helps assures the highest return for marketing/sales outgos, It increases net incomes for concern, concern can raise mean monetary values and later heighten net incomes through market cleavage There is better chances for growing since cleavage physique gross revenues, Through aiming, we can accomplish competitory production and selling costs which in bend addition the market portion, Helps to understand who contenders country and why they are rivals, Helps acknowledge little, but of import sections of the market in other words ; it allows direction to concentrate more on the most profitable purchasers. It helps in the procedure of apportioning financess to different sections of the market It assist in the procedure of taking the proper media of marketing communicating and publicity based on the properties of each section It guides to develop merchandises that truly fit the market demands. B. A Customer harmonizing to Wikipedia ( Accessed: 14 January 2010 ) â€Å"is a wide label for any persons or families that use goods and services generated within the economy† . Coollink s clients referred to as CLIENTS can be grouped into two classs which are: Cooperate organic structures that comprises, fiscal establishments, oil companies, insurance companies, higher establishment of acquisition, governmental organic structures who require vsat solutions ( ku set and hundred set ) Individual clients who require fixed wireless broadband for little office and place office ( SOHO ) Customer purchasing behaviour is the survey of how and why people buy goods and services, it covers the determination devising procedures. Kotler ( 1996 ) cited that purchaser s determination procedure go throughing through five phases that is: demand acknowledgment, information hunt, rating of options, purchase determination and station purchase behavior. There are internal and external factors that influences costumer purchasing behavior and these factors can be categorized under Personal factors ( that is, Demographic factors like sex, age, race etc ) , Psychological factors ( that is, motor, perceptual experience, attitude, ability, cognition, personal experience life style, etc ) and Social factors ( such as leaders, household, friends, mention group, societal category, civilization and sub-culture ) In the instance of Coollink, the factors that influence the Clients purchasing behavior can be tagged under: Psychological factor Social factor. The followers are the grounds why the above named factors influence coollink clients purchasing behavior Coollink is a celebrated service supplier ; Clients fear the danger of confer withing other service supplier who might non adequately supply the sort of service required. Coollink launches assorted adverts in both print and electronic media which gives the prospective client the consciousness of the strength and capableness of the merchandise and services they offer Coollink merchandise and services gives comfort and convenience because it offers its Clients the chance to bask extra services like VPN ( practical private web ) which is the ability to web different offices as proffered by the Client, Coollink besides provide WAN ( Wide country web ) and LAN ( local country web in which other cyberspace service suppliers do non possess all these installations Coollink besides appreciates its Clients by giving good client service and after sale service. Coollink s merchandise gives value for money, after buying of Coollink merchandise and services provided, Clients appreciates the fact that though it comes expensive but finally realizes it is worth the money value. Besides there is a Pride of being associated with coollink because it is a sister Company to other celebrated group of companies all over Nigeria. Coollink besides offers from clip to clip Gross saless promo which besides encourages prospective Clients With all the above in topographic point, clients will stay loyal since corsets satisfied. It has besides positively affected the growing of the organisation which has in bend enhanced net income Question 2: Harmonizing to bitpipe.com ( Accessed: 22 January 2010 ) , â€Å"Business Process is a set of co-ordinated undertaking and activities, conducted by both people and equipment, that will take to carry throughing a specific organisational goal† . On the other manus, SHIVAUN OBRIEN ( Accessed ; 22 January 2010 ) sees Choice criterions are â€Å"statements sketching the cardinal elements of a quality programme† . It can besides be seen as a construction for accomplishing a celebrated degree of quality within an organisation. Coollink as an cyberspace service supplier has legion concern procedures with some criterions in topographic point. For the intent of my appraisal I will concentrate on merely the procedures involved in, Command for proposals Covering with Customers ailments Command for proposals: Coollink acquires some of its Clients through command for proposals. The procedure involved is merely reacting to assorted adverts in the newspapers or diaries whereby corporate organic structures petitions for proposals from assorted capable cyberspace service suppliers. We thenceforth collate our paperss and subject our proposal for command, so delay for the shortlisted companies to be notified. The procedure here appears straightforward since we have been traveling through this procedure for a long clip, but yet we still do some preventable errors which in bend lead to the loss of some of import clients. The errors ranges from subjecting a proposal without seting a critical papers, last minute haste due to enrollments we have to make, late entry, acquiring the adverts late and cost estimation. In order to accomplish equal quality and excellence, the above procedure can be enhanced by seting the followers in topographic point Appointing competent professionals as commission member who will be to the full responsible to seek for adverts, fixing and subjecting proposal in order to avoid non seting important paperss and late entries Reclamation with professional organic structures should non be done at haste hours, since this is one of the basic demands when command, so we should guarantee all the ranks are renewed as at when due and non when we have proposals to subject. Team work is besides really of import Covering with Clients ailments: After a client acquires the necessary merchandises, and the installing takes topographic point. So it is expected that from clip to clip, Clients would hold one thing or the other to kick about. They could either name our client attention line for an immediate solution or we could direct an applied scientist to the client to supply the solution. The inquiry here is at what gait do we supply these solutions? This is when quality service comes in. In order to accomplish equal quality and excellence, the above procedure can be enhanced by seting the followers in topographic point It is necessary to hold a mission statement ( clearly understood by the employees ) which will specify the intent of its services ( first-class service ) and what makes it important amongst other internet service suppliers. There should be equal proviso for telephone lines and receiving systems in order non to maintain clients waiting There should be proviso for forces to work during the weekend in order to go to to clients as at when needed Proper preparation should be given to the Customer attention functionaries and proficient squad in order to satisfactorily go to to clients Proper motive has to be in topographic point and this is when employess will see Clients as ever right Besides using people because of their competency should come foremost and non because they are inexpensive Additionally, I will wish to propose even if clients do non kick, we should name from clip to clip to corroborate they are basking the services we have rendered since some unsated Clients may neer kick Team work is really necessary, a foreman has to be near to the employee in order to Question 3: Market SHARE ( CASH GENERATION ) From the above analysis, it can be deduced that Coollink s merchandise is a really strong STAR ( high growing rate and high market portion ) on its manner to going a hard currency cow. At this phase, Coollink uses big sum of hard currency in order to bring forth big sum of money because of its high growing rate, its puting more for future growing. On the other manus, Coollink s Service is at the phase of Question mark ( high growing rate and low market portion ) which consumes big sum of hard currency and do non bring forth hard currency. At the Customer attention service degree, attempts should be made in order to better and non go a Canis familiaris but a star. The best manner to cover with this is to put to a great extent in order to derive market portion. Product life rhythm harmonizing to EPSILONINDUSTRIES ( Assessed 28 January 2010 ) is â€Å"Generally a selling term used to mention to the explosive growing, tableland, and diminution of a merchandise or trade name, a merchandise life rhythm can besides mention to the iterative procedure of bettering a merchandise over clip through major redesigns or replacing of disused versions† . The place of the merchandise ( equipment for Vsat ) on the merchandise life rhythm is on the adulthood phase due to the fact that of the collink s merchandise is good known. The place of client attention service provided in coollink is at the growing province, the ground is that we need to put in this facet in order for us to run into up to standard in order for clients to be truly satisfied Question 4: Harmonizing to the U.S. office of Personnel Management ( Accessed: January 24 2010 ) , â€Å"Planning agencies puting public presentation outlooks and ends for groups and persons to impart their attempts toward accomplishing organisational aims. It besides includes the steps that will be used to find whether outlooks and ends are being met† . Marketing planning is the scene of future selling aims for merchandise, service, trade name, or merchandise line and the finding of appropriate schemes, tactics and resources to be used in accomplishing such aims. It involves the development of a logical procedure for set uping selling ends, plans to accomplish these ends, apportioning budgets for different selling activities and measuring the mark market sections. There are assorted phases involved in marketing planning procedure which varies from organisation to organisation, with mention to Coollink ; the followers are the basic selling planning procedure: Research on what the client demands in order to better: thorough research is made on what the client wants and why they want, and this is achieved by giving out questionnaires to prospective Clients. Research on assorted makers of merchandises ( equipments for hundred set and ku set ) there are and taking clip to analyze who will outdo function the society in relation to client demands Evaluation the two stairss above in relation to the economic system state of affairs How the said merchandises will be advertise in order to make the prospective clients, research on what and what newspaper people read and radio Stationss evaluation on order to put adverts in the right topographic points Reappraisal: where there is a rating between what was planned and what has been achieved in order to continuously better Measure public presentation, they entree the strength and failing of the merchandise Marketing planning procedure is really of import to Coollink and any organisation due to the undermentioned grounds: It helps the selling squad present a program and budget the direction could associate to It gives the chance to entree the consumers to function and how best they can plan merchandises and services that will supply better value ( i.e. competitory advantage ) It enables the selling director develop his managerial ability It besides gives sellers the chance to acknowledge that there may be a good ground to travel back and adjust a anterior measure before finishing the program It brings about clearer definition of marketing aims and policies and improved selling patterns It assist direction to seek uninterrupted betterment in selling public presentation It focuses direction s attending on menaces and chances It improves communicating and co-ordination amongst members of the organisation It ensures that there is a clear apprehension of the information needed to do the needed determinations It increases the possibility of undertaking success, cut downing overall undertaking cost, and shortening project life rhythm it designs inducements pay programs do non merely motivate and reward frontline staff reasonably but besides to aline activities with corporate mission Referencing hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/n accessed jaunary 2010 NET MBA Market Segmentation Brainmates, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brainmates.com.au/ ? p=360 accesse January 21 2010 Administrations and the Business Environment 2Nd Ed. 2005.p 634 by Campbell, David J.Craig, Tom hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_why.asp accesses january 21 market cleavage why section markets? RDI Learning Without Boundaries, SATISFYING THE CUSTOMER STUDY MATERIALS hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bitpipe.com/tlist/Business-Processes.html january 22, 2010 Sparx Systems UML Tutorials the concern procedure theoretical account January 20 2010 SHIVAUN OBRIEN Quality criterions, 2005 page Designed by: page 16 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youthreach.ie/aatopmenu/Library/qualityframe/Quality % 20Standards % 20pdf % 20web.pdf ORPHISME DESIGN Printed by: CSM PRINT SOLUTIONS hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer January 14, 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opm.gov/perform/overview.asp U.S. office of forces direction, be aftering Double line spacing Change customer/consumer to client hypertext transfer protocol: //epsilonindustries.com/resources/injection-molding-glossary/ JANUARY 28 Kotler, Philip and Amstrong, Gary. ( 1996 ) . Principles of Marketing, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Seven Buying Motivations That Can Help People Buy Into You http: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Seven-Buying-Motives-That-Can-Help-People-Buy-Into-You A ; id=1021747 ACCESSED JANUARY 19 2010 BY lynn marie sager Buying Motivations Why Do Peoples Buy in marketing hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessopportunitiesandideas.co.uk/927/buying-motives-why-do-people-buy accessed january 9 2010 CUSTOMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/marketing-articles/customer-buying-behaviour-999729.html January 9 2010 What is Consumer Buying Behavior? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html january 9, 2010 Melvin S. Hettwick, Meaning of Buying Motives, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.openlearningworld.com/olw/courses/books/Consumer % 20Behaviour % 20and % 20Motivation/Consumer % 20Behavior % 20and % 20Motivation/Meaning % 20of % 20Buying % 20Motives.html January 9, 2010 Quick Master in Business selling, Market Segmentation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.quickmba.com/marketing/market-segmentation/ January 9, 2010 Net Master in Business selling, Market Segmentation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ January 9, 2010 Center for concern planning, Market Segmentation, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessplans.org/Segment.html, January 9 2010 market cleavage why section markets? hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_why.asp January 9 2010 cognize this.com, Step 1: Identify Market Sections hypertext transfer protocol: //www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/targeting-markets/identify-market-segments/ , January 9 2010 Market Segmentation, Jerry W. Thomas hypertext transfer protocol: //www.decisionanalyst.com/publ_art/MarketSegmentation.dai, January 9, 2010 Mickey Arthur How to Improve Quality System Training Per ISO Standards hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/how_5711729_improve-training-per-iso-standards.html January 20 2010 Wikipedia, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA Marketing program, hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_plan, January 17, 2010 strategic be aftering the nexus with marketing hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/strategy/strategy_marketing.htm, January 17, 2009 merchandises merchandise life rhythm, hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/marketing/products_lifecycle.asp january 27, Product Life Cycle Industry Maturity Stages, Fox, Wasson, Hofer, Anderson A ; Zeithaml, Hill A ; Jones, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_product_life_cycle.html, January 27 2010 BCG Matrix Model, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maxi-pedia.com/BCG+matrix+model, januaty 27 2010

Puzzled how to write a character sketch Ask us!

Puzzled how to write a character sketch Ask us! Complete Guide on Writing a Character Sketch We all want our written works to be not only engaging but also full of life and vivid. It is a great intention, but not every student knows how to achieve such an important goal. Most of them are not aware that a wrong approach may only harm the story, especially if you don’t know your characters well enough. In most of the cases, outstanding stories are character-oriented and experienced writers know it very well. If the characters are boring or even absent, the story will not be interesting at all. So if you want to succeed, your characters should have the leading role, showing the story what direction to go. To achieve this, you must know your character from A to Z. And the best way to know the character is to start with writing a character sketch. Character Sketch Definition A character sketch is a brief and comprehensive description of a person that aims to introduce the reader to certain attributes of a character: whether it is physical appearance, behavior under different circumstances, thoughts and experiences that impact actions in future. In other words, it is a description of a character, which is needed for the success of the story. Your main goal is to provide the audience with a clear image of the character, which is necessary for your story. Description of the chosen character should answer all of the questions that the audience may have. Including: What are the physical features of the characters? What is the story behind the characters? In what psychological state the characters are? What are their goals, emotions, and fears? How do they communicate? What are their main life aspirations? How can the story benefit from such information? These questions are not compulsory but yet very advisable if you want to understand your characters. There is no single and accepted pattern of writing a character sketch because everything depends on the goals you are pursuing and the format of the story. However, below we will explain what to include to your sketch and what things to avoid. Just answer a series of questions about the character, and you will get all the data you may need! What Are the Physical Features of the Character? When you think of your character, physical appearance may not be the first thing that comes to your mind although you need to have a clear image of how your character looks like. Any time you make a new acquaintance you notice a few details (if the stranger is not wearing a mask): face, height, hair, body type and attire. Imagine that you need to tell your friends or relatives about a special meeting. How would you start? For example: Hello Anna, today I met a man at the gas station. He looked so handsome in plain jeans and a t-shirt with a superhero logo. He is very tall and has curly brown hair just like Uncle Sam! I guess he is a doctor because there was a big folder with medical histories in his hands.   Probably he was leaving the hospital. In the example above you have told Anna (your friend or sister) about man’s age, his body type, possible occupation and also noticed a resemblance with your Uncle Sam. You may have talked to him, but you will most likely remember the physical appearance and details of clothes, and not his name or the way he talked. If you meet that man at the hospital or any other place, you can just start the conversation: Hello, I guess I saw you two days ago at the gas station. You were wearing a funny t-shirt and held a pile of medical histories. As you see, physical appearance and attributes can create a broader picture of the first impression. So if you want to skip this important stage to dive into the character’s psychological world at once, you risk of losing a big part of the story. Appearance and emotions are inseparable, and you need to give readers a chance to imagine how the character looks like in order to understand the story better. Describing appearance is one of the first steps in creating a character sketch. What’s Your Character Busy with? Your readers will always be interested in what your character is up to (unless he dies in the first chapter). This aspect is as important as describing physical appearance. The audience should know what the character is busy with when you introduce him for the first time. Providing such details helps readers to evaluate other important aspects of the story: time and setting, location and much more. Let’s imagine that your character is a medical intern and he sleeps on a shift. The reason may be that he had a rough night, arguing with his girlfriend or he is simply lazy. Of course, you will want to tell the reader why your intern is asleep in the workplace. Will he be fired? What will the consequences be? As you see, such details may give your story further direction. Your character’s sketch should also reflect the actions or inactions of the person and how they impact the plot. A sleepy intern will surely be a bad example for others. You can draw a picture of how his alarm clock wakes him up, and he rushes to admission’s desk. Remember, your sketch should contain a detailed description of the character’s actions. That is exactly how the plot evolves. Why is your character sitting over textbooks late after midnight? Why is he constantly distracted by smartphone notifications during a date? Your description needs to explain the actions of the character. In such a way you will help the audience to understand what part the character will occupy in a bigger story. What Are His/Her Emotions? Every character has a certain emotional state. Of course, emotions may vary, and every person may go from positive to very angry in a matter of seconds. However, such a switch is usually caused by different experiences. You may stick to several dominant emotions that determine your character’s outlook on life. Are they positive? What things make them happy? Do they often experience anxiety? Do they feel themselves a part of the community? What fears do they have? Are they playing by the common rules? When you need to describe the emotions and behavior of the character further in the story, you can refer to your sketch and person’s dominant emotions. Now, when you add emotional state to your character’s sketch, you should be sure that these details are relevant to your story. Make sure that you are not simply stating emotions that people feel but also showing the reader by inserting dialogs, actions, and thoughts of the character. For example, if your character is happy and positive, he won’t be angry with a broken tire. He will just come up with a solution and will go on through the day. Referring to dominant emotions is a great way to develop the plot and to make your story interesting and engaging. Does Your Character Need a Name? Even if the character appears only episodically, he will need a name. If you decide to write a sketch, it means that the character is important and you definitely need to give him a name. In addition, your readers may need to refer him further in the story. Don’t worry, you may change that name in the future, so there is no need to spend days on choosing a proper one. However, there are multiple online catalogs, which may greatly simplify the process of choosing a name. Some websites offer users to choose a name depending on gender, ethnicity or even time period. You can also choose a meaningful name that will contribute to the story. In addition, you can always give your character a nickname that will explain the background of the person or some of the hobbies he has. The Story Behind the Character As you remember, character sketch aims to guide the reader through a bigger story. That is why you need to create details that will give your readers background information. At a certain point, your plot may require such information: character’s birthplace, childhood experiences and how they influenced adult personality. You may not need such information more than once, but it will surely help you to create a true story. If your goal is not to generate tens of unanswered questions, it is better to be ready and give all the answers that readers may need. If you find it challenging to create a background story of the character, you can think of a person you know that is similar to the character you are describing. It may be a friend or a family member that will inspire you and will help to create a true story of the past. Your main goal is to make such a story believable. For example, if the character doesn’t like people, he was probably hurt in the past and now is trying to distance from others not to experience that pain again. The audience is always willing to know what experience and situations made characters to get where they are now. At first, it may be quite challenging to write a character’s sketch, but it will become much easier if you practice. In case you don’t have time, don’t worry! There are professional writing companies that are ready to help. Important Details Even if you think that your character sketch is ready, there may still be pieces of important information that can occur when working on a bigger story. When they appear, don’t forget to write them down and add to your character sketch. In most of the cases, stories write themselves, so you won’t simply be able to work on all of the details before writing the story itself. The next time an interesting detail or fact comes up you only need to write it down. You can easily forget them, and it will only harm the story, so don’t trust your memory and keep all the thoughts on paper. What may these details include? For example, things that distinguish your character from others and how these differences lead to an argument. The same applies to similarities of the person to others and how these similarities contributed to creating better communication with other characters of the story. Remember, you should always include maximum details, because they will enrich the story and explain readers the motives of various characters and their impact on the plot. Things to Keep in Mind A character sketch is a sort of a guideline of the story. Its main goal is to help the author to understand the character in order to introduce them to the audience. Not all of the elements of the sketch will be included to the story, but you still need to make sure that it contains all of the necessary details, like gender, age, body type, height, birth country, dominant emotions and so on. You should also keep in mind that some of the elements of your sketch may be transmitted through the actions.   You may not simply declare that your character loves reading but tell how he postponed a date to finish reading an interesting novel. Or how he spent two days of vacation in a local library instead of sunbathing on the beach. As a result, you will create a character that will develop the story and will help it to evolve. You will understand the character, his actions and what consequences those actions may have. Remember, the main purpose of a character sketch is to create a comprehensive, character-based and reliable story that the audience will admire.

In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essays

In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essays In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essay In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament Essay In January 2004, the Council and European Parliament adopted, based on Article 13 EC, ( fabricated ) Directive 2004/1/EC on non-discrimination in theprovision of lodging ( the Housing Directive ) . The Housing Directive provides, in Article 1, that the intent of Directive 2004/1/EC is to put down a general model for protecting cardinal rights and battling favoritism on evidences of sex, racial or cultural beginning, faith or belief, disablement, age or sexual orientation, with a position to seting into consequence in the Member States the rule of equal intervention . The range of the Housing Directive extends to all individuals, in both public and private sectors, and concerns conditions for entree to lodging, and footings and conditions on which lodging contracts are based. The Housing Directive provides that Member States must guarantee that, in proviso of lodging within each Member State, the rule of non-discrimination and regard for the right to househol d life are secured. The Housing Directive must be implemented by 1 January 2006. In September 2004, in the ( fabricated ) instance of Lemona, the European Court of Justice held that the Housing Directive protects the right to household life of households with both heterosexual and homosexual parents. In May 2005, the UK adopts the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005. This Act provides that lodging contracts must be consistent with the rule of non-discrimination and must esteem human rights, as recognised in the Human Rights Act. However, ( fabricated ) law of the UK House of Lords has interpreted the right to household life in the context of lodging as widening merely to traditional households, with heterosexual parents. In June 2005, N and M, a sapphic twosome, with two kids, use to Northshire Housing Authority for exigency populace sector lodging, following an onslaught on M by her old spouse, O. The Northshire Housing Authority s internal regulations provide that exigency populace sector lodging must be provided within 24 hours for families at hazard , which includes those where the physical security of members of the household is threatened. However, the internal regulations define family as heterosexual twosomes, or individual parents, and their kids. The Northshire H ousing Authority hence refuses to supply exigency populace sector lodging for N and M. N and M seek judicial reappraisal of this determination. The national tribunal refers the instance to the European Court of Justice. [ 1 ] What inquiriesshouldthe national tribunal refer in N A ; M s instance? It should be noted at the beginning that the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 does non specifically purport to implement EC Directive 2004/1/EC, and besides that in visible radiation of the fact that by June 2005, the day of the month when the determination was made by Northshire Housing Authority non to supply N and M with exigency populace sector lodging on the evidences that they are homosexual and as such non within the range of the term ‘family’ , the concluding day of the month for execution of Directive 2004/1/EC had non yet passed. The UK therefore can non be held in breach of their responsibility to implement, and the Housing Authority can non be held to be under any responsibility other than that created by national statute law ; viz. , the Housing Act 2005 and its relevant law. I would therefore argue, in reply to oppugn [ 1 ] of this paper, that the national tribunalshouldnon mention any inquiries to the tribunal in N and M’s instance. If nevertheless the national tribunal considers that the Housing Act 2005, whilst non doing mention to Directive 2004/1/EC, was intended to be implementing statute law, so the national Court may wish to use to the ECJ for a preliminary mention opinion, under the process as set out by Article 234 EC, sing ( a ) whether this national statute law gives sufficient attending to the aims of the EC Housing Directive, and ( B ) whether failure to make so is actionable even where the day of the month for execution has non yet passed? In February 2006, the UK issued auxiliary counsel on the Housing Act 2005. The auxiliary counsel provides that although the right to household life protects all types of households, and landlords must hence do certain that all households can be protected, the Housing Act does non necessitate single landlords to do certain all households are protected . S and T, aged 60 and58, with two immature kids, rent a house from U, a private landlord. The contract originally provides that S and T must go forth a security sedimentation of ?400. However, U alters his to ?1200, on the footing that older parents will non be able to command their immature kids . S and T seek to implement the original contract in a national tribunal. The national tribunal refers the instance to the European Court of Justice. 2. What inquiries should the national tribunal refer in S and T s instance? Whilst it is clear that the intended range of EC Directive 2004/1/EC included lodging contracts between private sector landlords and renters, in S and T’s instance, the national Court may wish to use to the ECJ for a preliminary mention opinion, under the process as set out by Article 234 EC, sing the inquiry of ( a ) whether the scope-restriction of the Housing Act 2005, viz. that single landlords are non obliged to do certain thatallhouseholds are protected from favoritism, is in dispute of the EC Housing Directive, and ; ( B ) whether in this instance, U’s determination to increase the security sedimentation required by S and T, on the exclusive footing that ‘older parents will be unable to command their immature children’ , should be considered age-discriminatory in the context of the proviso of lodging, as per the meaning/scope of the EC Housing Directive. 3. The European Court of Justice joins the two mentions. Imagine you are the Advocate General reding the Court on the united instance. What are the issues that you must cover in your Opinion? Which legal governments are relevant, and which can be distinguished? Opinion of the Advocate General in: N A ; M v Northside Housing Authority and S A ; T v U It seems to me that the pertinent issues for deliberation in these two joined instances are as follows: [ 1 ] Should the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC [ ‘the Directive’ ] ? [ 2 ] ( a ) If the reply to oppugn [ 1 ] above is no, i.e. the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 should non be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, so at what day of the month could a claim arise sing the alleged failure of this statute law to implement the aims of this Directive? ( B ) If the reply to oppugn [ 1 ] is yes i.e. the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 should be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, so at what day of the month could a claim arise sing the alleged failure of this statute law to implement the aims of this Directive? [ 3 ] In visible radiation of the replies in [ 2 ] above, in regard of N and M’s claim against Northside Housing Authority, was the State action giving rise to their claim brought before or after the day of the month as established in [ 2 ] , above? [ 4 ] ( a ) If the reply to [ 1 ] was yes, and the reply to [ 3 ] does in fact give N and M right to an actionable claim against the Northside Housing Authority, upon reading of the Housing Act ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005, is this national statute law in dispute of the aims of the EC Directive? ( B ) If the reply to [ 1 ] is no, but the reply to [ 3 ] does in fact give N and M right to an actionable claim against the Northside Housing Authority, so should the determination of that Authority be deemed to be in dispute of the aims of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC? [ 5 ] ( a ) If the reply to [ 4 ] ( a ) is yes, i.e. the implementing statute law of the Housing Act is in dispute of the aims of the EC Housing Directive, so does such failure torightimplement give S and T a right to trust on this failure to hold the contract between them and U set aside for illegality? ( B ) If the reply to [ 1 ] is no, so can S and T rely on the UK’s failure to implement to convey a successful action against U for his failure to follow with EC Directive 2004/01/EC? I.e. can S and T rely on the UK’s complete failure to implement the EC Housing Directive as against an single landlord who, to all purposes and intents, is simply following his statutory responsibilities under the Housing Act 2005? Both of these inquiries will affect a deliberation refering whether or non U’s determination to increase the security sedimentation required by S and T, on the exclusive footing that ‘older parents will be unable to command their immature children’ , should be considered age-discriminatory in the context of the proviso of lodging, as per the meaning/scope of the EC Housing Directive, and whether or non S and T would be able to trust upon the UK’s failure to implement correctly/ entire failure to implement, as against an single private sector landlord. Let us now address each of these concerns in bend, measuring which legal governments are relevant and which are distinguishable in regard of each issue for deliberation: [ 1 ] â€Å"Since November 2001 it has been a demand that all statute law laid before the UK Parliament that transposes any European directive must be accompanied by a Transposition Note ( TN ) , † ( Cabinet Office Guidance Notes on European Implementing Legislation, last updated 7/7/2006 ) . It would therefore seem rather clear to me that the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 was non intended by the UK legislative to move as ‘implementing legislation’ of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC. [ 2 ] ( a ) The UK was under a responsibility to set up implementing statute law of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC by the 1stJanuary 2006, at the latest. Such a responsibility can non hence be deemed to be prior to this day of the month, and as such, no parties may take action against the UK for failure to implement this Directive in regard of differences originating prior to this day of the month. This is along established rule and one which was articulately expressed by the honerable Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead in the instance of Regina v. Secretary of State For Health and Others, Ex Parte Imperial Tobacco Limited and Others [ 7 December 2000 ] . In paragraph 1 of his pronouncement in this instance, Lord Nicholls stated: â€Å"During the prescribed execution period member provinces are non in breach by neglecting to permute an EC directive into national law.† ( B ) If nevertheless, the reply to oppugn [ 1 ] was yes, and the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005 should be considered the implementing statute law in regard of the EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, so the fact that this implementing statute law was given royal acquiescence prior to the concluding execution day of the month does non prevent any claims for wrong execution. As Lord Slynn of Hadley held in the instance of Regina v. Secretary of State For Health and Others, Ex Parte Imperial Tobacco Limited and Others [ 7 December 2000 ] : â€Å"†¦if a Directive is implemented in national jurisprudence before the prescribed concluding day of the month, any application for interim alleviation to suspend the operation of the Directive would be a affair for Community jurisprudence, and that the place should be the same on an application for interim alleviation to forestall the Directive being adopted.† It would hence be a affair for the ECJ to make up ones mind whether or non the operation of the Directive should be suspended until the concluding execution day of the month, as per the instance of Foto-Frost Hauptzollamt Lubeck Ost ( Case C-314/85 ) [ 1987 ] E.C.R. 4199 which held that it is merely the European Court of Justice which can declare an EC Directive shut-in. [ 3 ] The determination made by the Northside Housing Authority which has formed the capable affair of this claim by M and N, viz. the determination by this Authority to decline to supply N and M with exigency lodging because their sexual orientation precluded them from coming under the range of the term ‘family’ under the internal policy guidelines and relevant national Housing statute law, was made prior to the 1stJanuary 2006 ( the concluding execution day of the month for EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC ) . In visible radiation of my findings in [ 2 ] ( a ) above, so it must be considered that no implementing statute law was established by June 2005, i.e. the day of the month of this Authority’s determination, and as such, I am compelled to make the decision that whether or non this determination was valid remainders entirely upon national jurisprudence considerations, i.e. whether this determination was in fact in accordence with the applicablenationalpolicy and statute law. [ 4 ] ( a ) and ( B ) In visible radiation of my findings in [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] , the deliberation into whether or non the commissariats of the Housing Act and/or the determination by the Northside Housing Authority were/was in dispute to the aims of the EC Housing Directive is no longer required. The success of N and M’s instance against the Northside Housing Authority rests wholly upon considerations of national jurisprudence. [ 5 ] ( a ) In visible radiation of my findings in regard of issue [ 1 ] , this deliberation is irrelevant. ( B ) In visible radiation of the fact my reply to [ 1 ] was no, the UK can be deemed in entire breach of their responsibility to implement EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC by 1stJanuary 2006. We must therefore ask whether or non S and T can trust on this entire failure to set up a successful claim against U, an single private sector landlord, for his failure to follow with the Directive that would, but for the UK’s failure to implement, have been incorporated into national jurisprudence by virtuousness of implementing statute law? This question can be divided into two distinguishable substantial inquiries: First, if the Directive had been right implemented by 1stJanuary 2006, would U’s determination to increase S and T’s required security sedimentation be deemed in dispute of the aims of the implementing statute law, and as such, improper? Second, does the unimplemented Directive confer direct consequence upon S and T, and if so, can S and T rely upon this as against U, a private sector person? Let us turn to each of these inquiries in bend: If the Directive had been right implemented by 1stJanuary 2006, would U’s determination to increase S and T’s required security sedimentation be deemed in dispute of the aims of the implementing statute law, and as such, improper? The aims of EC Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, and their range, are made rather clear: the intent of Directive 2004/1/EC is to put down a general model for protecting cardinal rights and battling favoritism on evidences of sex, racial or cultural beginning, faith or belief, disablement, age or sexual orientation, with a position to seting into consequence in the Member States the rule of equal intervention . We besides are told that â€Å"the range of the Housing Directive extends to all individuals, in both public and private sectors, and concerns conditions for entree to lodging, and footings and conditions on which lodging contracts are based.† The difference between S A ; T and U concerns an statement over the ‘terms and conditions of their lodging contract’ , and the determination by U to raise the security sedimentation must be considered to concern ‘access to housing’ ; after all, the security sedimentation is frequently the lone measure between being able to lease a belongings and non being able to. In this instance, S and T clearly can non afford the increased security sedimentation demand of ?1200, and as such are seeking to hold the sum reduced back to ?400 as per the initial, albeit verbal, understanding. Besides, an single landlord such as U must, under a actual reading of the diction [ ‘all persons†¦public and private’ ] of the Housing Directive, come under its range. I would therefore argue that had the Housing Directive 2004/01/EC been right implemented by 1stJanuary 2006, U’s determination to increase S and T’s required security sedimentation would hold been deemed in dispute of the aims of the implementing statute law, and as such, improper. In visible radiation of the failure of the UK to really implement this Directive into national jurisprudence, U might reason, in his defense mechanism, that he has non acted in a manner which contravenes relevant national jurisprudence ; viz. , Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act 2005, which states, in its auxiliary counsel publications, that although the right to household life protects all types of households, and landlords must hence do certain that all households can be protected, the Housing Act does non necessitatesingle landlordsto do certain all households are protected . This exclusion should non be if the UK had successfully implemented the statute law, for as argued above, the range of the Directive clearly extends to all individuals private and public, which implies persons as good! On the other manus, one can non fault U for his failure to follow with the Directive ; his direct responsibilities lie under national statute law, statute law with which he has to the full complied! In order to happen where the ECJ should stand on the inquiry of where this balance should be struck, allow us turn now to our concluding inquiry: Does the unimplemented Directive confer direct consequence upon S and T, and if so, can S and T rely upon this as against U, a private sector person? It has been established that in instances where a Member State has failed to implement a Directive into national jurisprudence by the concluding day of the month for execution, so that Directive may be capable of being vertically Directly Effective, i.e. that an person may trust upon the Directive against a State in the national tribunals. The trial for when such Direct Effect of unimplemented Directives will use was set out in Case 148/78 Pubblico Ministero V Ratti [ 1979 ] ECR 1629. This instance held that Direct Effect of Directives comes into being after the day of the month for execution has passed, after which point, every bit long as the duties imposed by the Directive are sufficiently focussed, so the freedom/discretion of Member States to implement will be deemed evaporated. This is known as the estoppel justification, and will merely use where the Van Gend [ Case 26/62 ; [ 1963 ] CMLR 105 ] demands for Direct Effect are besides satisfied. In our instance, the Directive was negative, clear and did non specifically permit any discretion in execution, discretion which would anyway be deemed dissolved by the UK’s failure to implement the Directive on clip. The fact is nevertheless that even if we can set up Direct Effect of the EC Housing Directive, it is a long-standing rule of EC Law that such Direct Effect shall non widen to cover horizontal differences as between persons [ Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA ( 1986 ) ] . In this instance nevertheless, in visible radiation of the significant procedural defect in implementing the Housing Directive 2004/01/EC, I would propose that it might be possible to invalidate the contrary commissariats of the Housing ( Fundamental Rights ) Act, in visible radiation of the fact that this difference operates within the context of a contract. I would trust on the authorization of Case C-443/98 Unilever Italia SpA v. Central Food SpA, [ 2000 ] ECR I-7535 in order to warrant this proposition. The national tribunal in this instance should therefore construe the legal job in visible radiation of the Directive instead than the Housing Act 2005, and should keep that U’s actions against S and T are invalid ; S and T should be permitted to pay the ?400 as originally stipulated. I would trust on the authorization of Case C-159/00 Sapod Audic v. Eco-Emballages SA, June 6, 2002 to warrant this decision. This incidental consequence can besides be justified by mention to Article 10 EC which staes that â€Å"Member States shall take all appropriate steps, whether general or peculiar, to guarantee the fulfillment of the duties originating out of this Treaty or ensuing from action taken by the establishments of the Community†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the instance of Von Colson [ Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann V Land Nordrhein-Westfalen Case 14/83 ] , this Article was interpreted as giving rise to incidental consequence of Directives, saying, at paragraph 28, â€Å"It is for the national tribunals to construe and use the statute law adopted for the execution of the Directive in conformance with the demands of Community Law, in so far as it is given discretion to make so under national law.† Bibliography of secondary beginnings used in the building of this reply: Tridimas, T. ( 1994 ) ‘Horizontal Effect of Directives: A Lost Opportunity? ’ Environmental Law Review, Vol. 19, pp. 621-636. Lenz, M. , Sif Tynes, D. , and Young, L. ( 2000 ) ‘Horizontal What? Back to Basics’ European Law Review, Vol. 25, pp. 509-522. Craig, P. P. ( 1997 ) ‘Directives: Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and the Construction of National Legislation’ European Law Review, December, pp. 519-538. Craig, P. A ; De Burca, G. EU jurisprudence: text, instances and stuffs 3rd erectile dysfunction. 2002 Paul Craig and G. de Burca: EU Law 2003